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BIO102-General Biology II
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Course Code & Title: BIO102-General Biology II
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Question: Which of these is not a characteristic of fungi Answer:Digestion takes place inside the hyphae Question: The classification in which the computer places organism is called Answer:numerical taxonomy Question: Which of these is a member of Phaeophyta Answer:Laminaria Question: The class mammalia is made up of how many orders Answer:19 Question: The members of platyhelminthes are called Answer:flatworms Question: Which of these is an example of the phylum Zygomycota Answer:Rhizopus Question: Which of these is not a major characteristicof viruses Answer:They are cellular Question: Paramecium belongs to the phylum Answer:Ciliophora Question: The largest bacteria is about Answer:002 micrometer long Question: The organelle in the cell that is nearly spherical and contains digestive enzymes is called Answer:lysosome Question: The viruses that cause tomato and tobacco mosaic have molecular weigth of Answer:60 to 100 Question: In the body of an adult man it is estimated that there are about cells Answer:30000000000000 Question: The surface areaVolume ratio of a single cell animal like Amoeba can be as low as Answer:400 Question: Which of these is not a difference between plant cell and animal cell Answer:Presence of Golgi bodies Question: The Escherichia coli lives in the colon of man and was said to contribute which type of vitamins Answer:B and K Question: The cytoplasic matrix is made up of mixture of the following except Answer:iron Question: Which of these is not true about the virus that causes HIV Answer:It belongs to the group of DNA viruses Question: The part of the cell responsible for controlled diffusion is Answer:Cell membrane ====== BIO102 ====== 1. Which of these is not an amphibian? Frogs --->> Skates salamanders Newts 2. Which of these is an example of a bony fish? Sharks Skates --->> Carp Rays 3. Which of these group of animals made the first transition from aquatic to the terrestrial mode of life? mammals pisces --->> amphibians reptiles 4. Cold-blooded animals are also known as ---------- animal --->> poikilothermic homoiothermic thermometric carcinogenic 5. Which of these is an example of jawless fishes? 6. Which of the following have naked moist skin? Mammals Aves Pisces --->> Amphibians 7. The hind limbs of -------- have clawed digits modified for walking, perching , hopping, running or swimming reptiles mammals --->> aves pisces 8. The head is small and rounded, whole body is oval and sreamlined. These description best describe a tadpole a frog a lizard --->> a bird 9. Which of these does the fish use in detecting movements and changes in water pressure? gills fins swim bladder --->> lateral line 10. Which of the following is not an example of a cartilaginous fish? Sharks Skates Rays --->> Tilapia ====== BIO102 ====== 1. A class of phylum vertebrata is polychaeta colenterata --->> mammalia arthropoda 2. In amphibians, fertilization is internal and external --->> external internal no fertilization 3. Thallophytes belong to the kingdom vertebrata --->> plantae animalia mammalia 4. The prokaryotes belong to the Kingdom plantae --->> monera protista animalia 5. Animals are divided into two main group hich are --->> invertebrates and vertebrates birds and mammals reptiles and ave vertebrate and mammal 6. Rat belongs to the Class reptilia ratlia --->> mammalia amphibia 7. Coelenterate exist in 2 forms which are --->> polyp and medusa medusa and redia polyp and redia redia and medusa 8. Ulva is an eample of filamentous algae --->> thalloid algae colonial algae unicellular algae 9. Birds are cold blooded --->> warm blooded poikilothermic mon blooded 10. Reptiles are warm blooded notblooded homethermic --->> cold blooded ====== BIO102 ====== 1. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko Pines --->> Merchantia Cycads 2. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing --->> Feeding Swimming Hopping 3. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 4. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 5. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands 6. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment --->> All of the above 7. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore 8. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth 9. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins 10. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites Saprobes Autotrophs --->> All of the above ====== BIO102 ====== 1. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 2. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 3. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands 4. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 5. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites --->> All of the above 6. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko Pines --->> Merchantia Cycads 7. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing 8. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins 9. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment --->> All of the above 10. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore --->> Sporophyte Sporangiophore Gametophyte ====== BIO102 ====== 1. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment Binary fission Sporulation --->> All of the above 2. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands Megaspores --->> Sporangia Septum 3. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 4. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is 5. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko 6. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins Gills --->> Lungs Nostrils 7. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 8. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing 9. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 10. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites Saprobes Autotrophs --->> All of the above ====== BIO102 ====== 1. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 2. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 3. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko 4. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands 5. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment --->> All of the above 6. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore --->> Sporophyte Sporangiophore Gametophyte 7. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins Gills 8. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing 9. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites --->> All of the above 10. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure ====== BIO102 ====== 1. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 2. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except 3. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins 4. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 5. Angiosperm can exist as --->> All of the above 6. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands 7. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment Binary fission --->> All of the above 8. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko 9. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 10. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore --->> Sporophyte Sporangiophore Gametophyte ====== BIO102 ====== 1. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko Pines --->> Merchantia Cycads 2. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites Saprobes Autotrophs --->> All of the above 3. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 4. Adult amphibians use – for breathing 5. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 6. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands Megaspores --->> Sporangia Septum 7. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 8. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment --->> All of the above 9. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore 10. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing ====== BIO102 ====== 1. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore --->> Sporophyte Sporangiophore Gametophyte 2. Angiosperm can exist as --->> All of the above 3. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko 4. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment --->> All of the above 5. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 6. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 7. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands Megaspores 8. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing 9. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins 10. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker Horizontal sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker ====== BIO102 ====== 1. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko Pines --->> Merchantia Cycads 2. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing --->> Feeding Swimming Hopping 3. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 4. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment --->> All of the above 5. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands 6. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 7. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore 8. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins 9. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 10. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites Saprobes Autotrophs --->> All of the above FBQ1: The caspids are made up of identical repeating subunits called --------------------- Answer: Casomeres FBQ2: A tissue responsible for secondary growth in plants is called_________ Answer: Cambium FBQ3: The flower parts in dicot is usually in four while in monocot is in ______ Answer: Three FBQ4: Diatoms belong to the group of algae called ---------------------------- Answer: 8Bacillariophyta FBQ5: Which of the cells in Hydra is for absorption and digestion of food? Answer: Glandular cells FBQ6: In viruses, there is a protective coat called_______ around the nucleic core Answer: Capsid FBQ7: The virus that causes HIV is called __________ Answer: human immunodeficiency virus FBQ8: A short unicellular organ of attachment found in some spirogyra is called Answer: Hapteron FBQ9: In the class Turbellaria ____________ are rarely present Answer: Suckers FBQ10: The main diagnostic feature of round worm is that it is _____ at both ends Answer: Elongated FBQ11: Under the highest magnification of light microscope, the smallest bacterium is about 0005 micrometers across while the largest may be up to ______micrometers long Answer: 0.02 FBQ12: __________ segmentation is the transverse division of the body into similar parts Answer: Metameric FB13: What is the role of cell membrane in bacteria and other organisms? Answer: It controls what goes in and out of the cell FBQ14: Viruses that cause tomato and tobacco mosaic have molecular weight of 60 to 100 million. The molecular weight of viruses that cause fowl plague have a molecular weight of ____ to ____ Answer: 200 to 400 million FBQ15: ---------- includes all those eukaryotes that are considered as ancestors of plants, animals and fungi Answer: Protoctista FBQ16: Members of fungi either live as Answer: Parasites saprophytes or _________ FBQ17: The group of plants which are not differentiated into roots, stems and leaves is called _________ Answer: Thallophyta FBQ18: _______________are disease causing organisms which are specific to their host. Answer: Viruses FBQ19: The organelle in the cell that contains a mixture of water, salts, small organic compounds and micromolecules of many kinds is called _____ Answer: Cytoplasmic matrix FBQ20: ________ is a structure in the plant cell that contains aqueous solution of mineral salts which regulate the turgidity of adjoining cytoplasm. Answer: vacuole FBQ21: A common example of fungi whose mycelium can produce both plus and minus is ________ Answer: Neurospora FBQ22: Other name for shield in arthropods is Answer: Carapace FBQ23: The phylum ________ is the largest in terms of number of animal species Answer: Arthropoda FBQ24: The immunodeficiency virus belongs to the group of RNA viruses known as ------------- Answer: Retroviruses FBQ25: Some bacteria without cell wall and can change their shape are called -------------- Answer: Mycoplasmas FBQ26: A coating on the outside of cell wall with a definite boundary in some bacteria is called --------------- layer Answer: Slime FBQ27: The group of plants though live on land but still dependent on water for completion of their life cycle is Answer: Bryophytes FBQ28: The ________ are the simplest form of land plants Answer: Bryophytes FBQ29: Organisms can only use two forms of energy, either Chemical or ---------- Answer: light FBQ30: A covering of insect body that has a great influence on growth is called Answer: Chitin FBQ31: The vascular tissue in Pteridophyte is found in __________ generation Answer: sporophyte FBQ32: The group of plants which usually produce cones on which sporangia ,spores and seeds develop is called Answer: Conifers FBQ33: One of the challenges of _____ reproduction is how to get the non-motile gametes to reach the female gametes. Answer: Angiosperm FBQ34: The --------------- are known as vascular plants. Answer: Tracheophytes FBQ35: In the phylum Rhizopoda, the ________ have naked surface without differentiation Answer: Sarcodinians MCQ15: The cell that is for capturing Hydra small animal food is called _____ Answer: Stunging cells MCQ21: Which of the following is not a characteristic of Anelids? Answer: They are not bilaterally symmetrical MCQ22: Which of these is not a class of Anelids? Answer: Entamelochaeta MCQ23: The following are members of Anelids except Answer: Planeria MCQ24: The characteristics of arthropods include the following except Answer: Coelom highly developed MCQ25: Which of these is not a class of the phylum arthropoda? Answer: Polychaeta MCQ26: Arthropods are placed in the various classes on the bases of the following except Answer: Number of segments MCQ32: What is the number of segments in Centipede? Answer: Between 15 to 20 MCQ33: Which of these triploblastic coelomates is unsegmented? Answer: Molluscs MCQ34: Which of these is not a class of vertebrates? Answer: Gastropod MCQ35: The part of mammalian skin which contains pigment for skin colour is called Answer: Malpighian layer MCQ1: Which of these statements is not correct about Paramecium? Answer: Oral groove and gullet are covered with flagella MCQ2: Which of these of organisms is not a protozoa? Answer: Cnidaria MCQ3: Amoeba belongs to the phylum Answer: Rhizopoda MCQ4: Sporozoa is in the phylum of Answer: Apicomplexa MCQ5: An average size of Amoeba is Answer: 0.02cm MCQ6: The food substance of Amoeba are usually _____ Answer: Diatoms MCQ7: Under which kingdom are bacteria classified? Answer: Monera MCQ8: Which of the following phyla contain parasites? Answer: Apicomplexa MCQ9: Which of these is not a characteristics of the members of Porifera? Answer: Their body is symmetrical MCQ10: The following structures are part of Answer: Collar cells reproduction in Porifera except MCQ11: Which of these statements is not true about Sponges? Answer: Their cells are highly specialised MCQ12: What is the role of mesogloea in Cnidaria? Answer: Separate ectoderm from endoderm MCQ13: A good example of Cnidaria is Answer: Hydra MCQ14: The stinging cells in Hydra that help to capture food organisms is called__ Answer: Nematocysts cells MCQ16: Which of these groups of animals is the first to develop the organ system level of organization? Answer: Platyhelminthes MCQ17: Which of these is not a characteristic of platyhelminthes? Answer: Biploblastic MCQ18: Which of these organisms is a member of Cestoda? Answer: Taenia MCQ19: Nematodes possesses the following characteristics except Answer: The digestive canal is open at one end MCQ20: Nematodes are like platyhelminthes in the following ways except in Answer: They are both segmented MCQ27: The crustacean with wider thoracic and short abdomen is Answer: Crab MCQ28: The appendage in the crayfish which branched into a pair of ponted chitinous structure is call Answer: 1st Abdominal MCQ29: The serrated edge for gripping in crab is called Answer: Thoracic appendages MCQ30: If you are presented with an arthropod with the following features- head made up of six segments fused together, a pair of antennae and a pair of lateral compound eye such arthropod is Answer: Insect MCQ31: Which of the following is not a characteristic of Diplopoda? Answer: A pair of legs in each segment Polychaeta Opliuroidea Aristotle Riccia Arachnida Bryophytes Mollusca Chetae Holothuroidea All have olfactory organs aves skates amphibians Carp Lamprey Bird amphibians Lateral line Tilapia Poikilothermic 1.Aquatic habitat 2.sarcodine 3.protozoa 4.porifera 5.osmo-regulation 6.Encystement 7.monocots & dicots 8.locomotary structure 9.plasmodome 10.Conjugation Course Code bio102 Question Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? Answer All have olfactory organs Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? Answer arachnida Question Sea Cucumber is an example of the class Answer holothuroidea Question Brittle Star is an example of the class Answer opliuroidea, Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? Answer polychaeta Question The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Answer Chetae Question A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum Answer mollusca Question The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Answer Aristotle Question An example of liverwort is Answer Riccia Question Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Answer Bryophytes Question Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? Answer All have olfactory organs Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? Answer arachnida Question Sea Cucumber is an example of the class Answer holothuroidea Question Brittle Star is an example of the class Answer opliuroidea, Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? Answer polychaeta Question The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Answer Chetae Question A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum Answer mollusca Question The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Answer Aristotle Question An example of liverwort is Answer Riccia Question Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Answer Bryophytes Try Another Search ====== BIO102 ====== 1. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins Gills --->> Lungs Nostrils 2. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 3. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth 4. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko 5. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands 6. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing --->> Feeding Swimming Hopping 7. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 8. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites --->> All of the above 9. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment --->> All of the above 10. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore --->> Sporophyte Sporangiophore Gametophyte ====== BIO102 ====== 1. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment Binary fission Sporulation --->> All of the above 2. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins 3. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 4. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore 5. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands 6. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites Saprobes Autotrophs --->> All of the above 7. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko Pines 8. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing 9. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 10. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers ====== BIO102 ====== 1. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands Megaspores --->> Sporangia Septum 2. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins 3. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites --->> All of the above 4. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 5. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called There are ____ kingdoms in the Robert Whittaker\'s tree Five The virus which infects bacterial cells is known as Bacteriophage The fungal body are referred to as Thallus Microscopic or macroscopic degenerative changes in host cells and tissues caused by viral invation is known as Cytopathic effects Fungi store their polysaccharides as Glycogen There are ______ levels of the current taxonomic hierarchy Question 6Answer a. Eight Archaea and Bacteria consist of cell wall with out Peptidoglycan The following are current system of classification of living organisms Binomial nomenclature All of the following are important component of tissue culture media except Fats and oil All Eukarya have ___________ and ____________in their cells Nuclei and other organelles All the following are edible mushrooms except Candida spp The body of annelids are Metamerically segmented Angiosperms are generally classified into Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Which of the following is not a class of Cnidaria? Protozoa The following are classes of phylum mollusca except Dichaeta _____________ is a division in algae classification Chlorophycophyta Which of the following have naked moist skin? Amphibians All of the following are groups of plant kingdom except Question 8Answer a. Myzomacota The alternation of generations describes a life cycle in which an organism has both Haploid and Diploid Stages Which of the following does not contain chlorophyll? Yeast Fishes has________ chambers in the heart Two Echinodermata have a unique circulatory system called Water vascular system ___________ is an example of a jawless fishes Lamprey One of the following is not a key features that appear at some stage of chordata development A cord Vertebrates also have a ___________ circulatory system Closed Modern mammals are divided into three broad groups, monotremes, marsupials and_________ Eutherians In which group of the vertebrate are the forelimbs modified in to wings? Aves One of the following is not true for chordates they have no notochord In fishes _____________ covers the operculum Gills Which of the following is a class of vertebrates? Aves ____________ is referred to as the study of virus Virology Based on the type of host, there are ___________ different types of viruses Four Which of the following is not a method of cultivation of viruses? Standard microbiological culture Fungi store their polysaccharides as Glycogen The following are examples of single- stranded RNA virus except Parvovirus The principal method employed for studying virus classification is refer to as Baltimore classification system Viruses are exceptionally small, with sizes between 30 and 50 nm. There are ____ kingdoms in the Robert Whittaker\'s tree Five The fungal body are referred to as Thallus All Eukarya have ___________ and ____________in their cells Question 10Answer a. Nuclei and other organelles Planaria is an example of Platyhelminthes that belongs to the class b. Turbellaria In animals, growth is Question 2Answer a. Determinate Angiosperms are classified in a single division called Question 3Answer a. Anthophyta All of the following are groups of plant kingdom except Myzomacota Jellyfish belonging to the class Scyphozoa Which of the following does not contain chlorophyll? Yeast Which of the following is not a class of Cnidaria? Protozoa Flowering plants are also refered to as Question 8Answer a. Angiosperms The vascular system of plants is composed of both Xylem and Phloem Which of these does not belong to the plant kingdom? Pseudosperms Which of these phylla has the largest number of animal species? Arthropoda Which of the following is not a characteristics of Echinodermata? Question 9Answer a. They have no complete digestive system Which of the folowing is used by fish to detect movements and changes in water pressure? Lateral line ___________ is an example of a jawless fishes Question 7Answer a. Lamprey Vertebrates have appendages such as Wings or limbs Birds are Endothermic All of the following are reptiles except Frogs One of the following is not a key features that appear at some stage of chordata development Pharyngeal slits Which of these is not a characteristic of the amphibians? they are warm blooded animals Which of the following may not be correct about the amphibians? none of the options The first group of vertebrates to have become fully adapted to life on land are the reptiles All of these are reptiles except salamanders Which of these denote the meaning of reptile? crawl One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth Fingers Adult amphibians use – for breathing Lungs Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Feeding Angiosperm can exist as All of the above In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Sporangia One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Merchantia In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Anterior sucker The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Sporophyte Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by All of the above The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called Archegonium Which of these is not an example of the phylum annelida? hydra Which of these is mostly free living and aquatic? turbellaria Which of these is not classfied as a platyhelminthes? coelenterates The part of an earthworm that secretes a cocoon is the clitellum Animals with a cavity lined by an epithelium of cells are---- animals coelomate Liver fluke is an example of the phylum-------- platyhelminthes Ascaris lumbricoides is a nematode Which of these is not a class of the phylum annelida? turbellaria Earthworm belong to the class oligochaeta Nematodes belong to the phylum aschelminthes The phylum annelida has well developed - blood vascular system Closed type Mucus in earthworm act as - for plastering the walls of the burrow Cement Coelenterates are divided in all except Rotifera The different kinds of spicules in the wall of poriferas are used in Classification The mesoglea contains types of cells which together form the Mesenchyme The two individual forms of coelenterate are Polyps and medusa A large number of Ostia through which a constantly flowing stream of water is maintained is found in Porifera Hydra, a typical coelenterate belong to the class Hydrozoa A cluster of vase-shaped individuals with white or yellow colour is found in Leucosolenia Aves are clothed with Feathers Triploblastic animals apart from ectoderm and endoderm also possess the mesoderm The most important cells in the mesenchyme are the Amoebocytes In bryophytes the gametophyte anchors to the soil either unicellular or multicellular filaments called Rhizoids Metamerically body segmentation is found in which phylum? Annelida One of these is a class of the phylum mollusca Cephalopoda The width of mature earthworm is 3-5 mm The length of female Ascaris lumbricoides is 25-40 cm The length of male Ascaris lumbricoides is 15-30 cm Echinodera are minute worm like marine animals, usually Diecious The anterior sucker in platyhelminthes act as auctorial organ for Adhesion and ingestion Clitellum lying about 20 mm behind the anterior extremity play an important part in Reproduction The phylum annelida has well developed - blood vascular system Closed type Mucus in earthworm act as - for plastering the walls of the burrow Cement In living organism classification system – has the largest variety of organisms Kingdom The Greek philosopher who made the first attempt to classify living organisms was Aristotle What similarity do blue-green algae share with bacteria? Prokaryotic cell type Alternation of haploid generation with diploid generation in bryophytes give rise to Alternation of generation One of these is an example of Golden-Brown algae Chromalina The largest group of plants is Tracheophytes The largest class of bryophytes is Moss One of these is not a vertebrate Arthropods Algae can be distinguished morphologically as All of the options In bryophytes the gametophyte anchors to the soil either unicellular or multicellular filaments called Rhizoids BIO102 TMA 10/10 1. Frog. 2. Tail. 3. Respiration. 4. Protection. 5. Treacheae or Tracheae. 6. Feeding. 7. Epiphytic. 8. Insects. 9. Nocturnal insects. 10. Gills. 1.Aquatic habitat 2.sarcodine 3.protozoa 4.porifera 5.osmo-regulation 6.Encystement 7.monocots & dicots 8.locomotary structure 9.plasmodome 10.Conjugation 1 The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Aristotl e 2 An example of liverwort is Riccia 3 Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Bryophytes 4 Which of these organisms does not depend on water for completion of their life cycle? angiosperms 5 Which of these organisms first colonise the terestrial habitat? bryophytes 6 In Spirogyra, the chloroplast contains small nodular protoplasmic bodies called pyreno ids 7 Spirogyra belongs to the class of algae called cyanophyta 8 The followings are characteristics of algae except all are microscopic 9 Which of these animals have their body covered with dry scales? reptile s 10 Crustacean is an example of arthropod s 11 An example of the phylum coelenterata is the Corals 12 In animals, growth is determinate 13 Which of these is not a characteristic of the kingdom animalia autotrophy 14 Flowering plants are also refered to as Angiosperms 15 Which of the followings does not belong to tracheophytes? Thallophytes 16 Which of these does not belong to the plant kingdom? Pseudosperm s 17 Which of the followings does not contain chlorophyll? yeast 18 Which of these organisms is not a fungi? amoe ba 19 Which of the followings does not belong to Protista bacteria 20 Which of the followings may not be classified an eukaryote? Moner a 1 Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? polychaeta 2 The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Chetae 3 A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum mollusca 4 Snail is an example of the phylum-- -------- Human made interface 5 Octopus belongs to the class cephalo poda 6 The largest class of the phylum mollusca is the class gastropoda 7 Snail belongs to the class gastropoda 8 Volvox is a ------- algae colonial 9 The red algae are ---------- in form polysiphonoi d 10 A widely distributed genus of the Pteridophyte is pteris 11 Which of these is not classfied as a platyhelminthes? coelenterate s 12 Which of these is mostly free living and aquatic? turbellaria 13 Liver fluke is an example of the phylum-------- platyhelm inthes 14 Nematodes belong to the phylum aschelmint hes 15 Ascaris lumbricoides is a nematode 16 Animals with a cavity lined by an epithelium of cells are---- animals coelomate 17 Which of these is not an example of the phylum annelida? hydra 18 Which of these is not a class of the phylum annelida? turbellaria 19 Earthworm belong to the class turbellaria 20 The part of an earthworm that secretes a cocoon is the clitellum 1 Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? All have olfactory organs 2 Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? arachnida 3 Sea Cucumber is an example of the class holothuroidea 4 Brittle Star is an example of the class opliuroidea, 5 Which of these is not true of star fish? Water vascular system i s not used for gathering food 6 Vertebrata is a subphylum of the phylum chordata 7 Which of these is not true of the chordates? they have no notochord 8 A vertbral column replaces the ------------ in vertebrates notochord 9 Which of the following is not true of the vertebrates? bodies are not b ilaterally symmetrical 10 Which of these is not a class of vertebrates? Protoz oa 11 The largest group in animal kingdom is the phylum A Hyperlink 12 All these are arthropods except cephalopoda 13 All of these animals belong to the class arachnida except lobste rs 14 Cockroach belong to a class of animal called insecta 15 About ----------- percentage of all known species of animals are insect 70 16 The only invertebrate that can fly is Bats 17 The body of an insect is divided into the head, thorax and abdomen 18 Insects carries out gaseous exchange by means of abdomen 19 Which of these may not be an adaptive feature of the arthropods? webbed feet 20 The phylum echinodermata include all of the following except sea crab 1. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins 2. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 3. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 4. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko Pines --->> Merchantia Cycads 5. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands 6. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing 7. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 8. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites Saprobes Autotrophs --->> All of the above 9. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment Binary fission --->> All of the above 10. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore --->> Sporophyte Sporangiophore Gametophyte 1. A class of phylum vertebrata is polychaeta colenterata --->> mammalia arthropoda 2. Coelenterate exist in 2 forms which are --->> polyp and medusa medusa and redia polyp and redia redia and medusa 3. Reptiles are warm blooded notblooded homethermic --->> cold blooded 4. Rat belongs to the Class reptilia ratlia --->> mammalia amphibia 5. Ulva is an eample of filamentous algae --->> thalloid algae colonial algae unicellular algae 6. Animals are divided into two main group hich are --->> invertebrates and vertebrates birds and mammals reptiles and ave vertebrate and mammal 7. In amphibians, fertilization is internal and external --->> external internal no fertilization 8. Thallophytes belong to the kingdom vertebrata --->> plantae animalia mammalia 9. The prokaryotes belong to the Kingdom plantae --->> monera protista animalia 10. Birds are cold blooded --->> warm blooded poikilothermic mon blooded 1. Which of these group of animals made the first transition from aquatic to the terrestrial mode of life? mammals pisces --->> amphibians reptiles 2. Which of these is an example of jawless fishes? Carp --->> Lamprey Tilapia Skates 3. The hind limbs of -------- have clawed digits modified for walking, perching , hopping, running or swimming reptiles mammals --->> aves pisces 4. The head is small and rounded, whole body is oval and sreamlined. These description best describe a tadpole a frog a lizard --->> a bird 5. Which of these is an example of a bony fish? Sharks Skates --->> Carp Rays 6. Which of these is not an amphibian? Frogs 7. Which of the following have naked moist skin? Mammals Aves Pisces 8. Cold-blooded animals are also known as ---------- animal --->> poikilothermic homoiothermic thermometric carcinogenic 9. Which of the following is not an example of a cartilaginous fish? 10. Which of these does the fish use in detecting movements and changes in water pressure? gills fins swim bladder --->> lateral line BIO102 TMA2 1. Frog. 2. Tail. 3. Respiration. 4. Protection. 5. Treacheae or Tracheae. 6. Feeding. 7. Epiphytic. 8. Insects. 9. Nocturnal insects. 10. Gills. 10/10 BIO102 TMA2 1. Frog. 2. Tail. 3. Respiration. 4. Protection. 5. Treacheae or Tracheae. 6. Feeding. 7. Epiphytic. 8. Insects. 9. Nocturnal insects. 10. Gills. 10/10 BIO102 TMA3. 10/10 1.Aquatic habitat 2.sarcodine 3.protozoa 4.porifera 5.osmo-regulation 6.Encystement 7.monocots & dicots 8.locomotary structure 9.plasmodome 10.Conjugation BIO102 TMA3. 10/10 1.Aquatic habitat 2.sarcodine 3.protozoa 4.porifera 5.osmo-regulation 6.Encystement 7.monocots & dicots 8.locomotary structure 9.plasmodome 10.Conjugation BIO102 TMA 1 *BIO 102 TMA* 1. Fingers 2. Lungs 3. Feeding 4. All of the above 5. Sporangia 6. Merchantia 7. Anterior sucker 8. Sporophyte 9. All of the above 10. Archegonium BIO102 TMA 2 The spiral asymmetrical shell of snail serve as a - for the animal Protection About 70% of all known species of animals are Insects Insects that remain inactive during the day time but become active at night are called Nocturnal insects Insects carries out gaseous exchange by means of Treacheae The phylum mollusca uses gills and lungs for Respiration The phylum mollusca possesses unsegmented body differentiated into all except Tail Which of these is not a feeding habit exhibited by gastropods? Epiphytic Amphibians tadpoles lives in water and breathe by Gills Amphibians tongue is an insect-catching apparatus which aids Feeding One of these is a tailless amphibian Frog BIO102 TMA1 2022 1 focusnountech.solution soloozo12345@gmail.com 08161318181/08071873122 1, A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum ANS mollusca >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>. 2,The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is a. Mendel b. Larmack c. Aristotle >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>. 3, Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? a. Pteridophytes b. Ferns c. Bryophytes >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.. 4, Brittle Star is an example of the class a. echinoidea b. crinoides c. holothuroidea d. opliuroidea >>>>>>>>>>>>>>. 5, The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the a. anus b. Chetae >>>>>>>>>>>>> 6, Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? a. cephalopoda b. polychaeta >>>>>>>>>>>> 7, Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? a. opliuroidea b. asteroidea c. arachnida >>>>>>>>>>>>>. 8, An example of liverwort is a. Chlamydomonas b. Funaria c. Spirogyra d. Riccia >>>>>>>>>>> 9, Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? a. Bodies are not metamerically segmented b. All have olfactory organs >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>. 10, Sea Cucumber is an example of the class a. holothuroidea >>>>>>>>>>>>>>.. BIO102 TMA 1. Fingers 2. Lungs 3. Feeding 4. All of the above 5. Sporangia 6. Merchantia 7. Anterior sucker 8. Sporophyte 9. All of the above 10. Archegonium BIO102 TMA2 (10/10) 1. One of these is a tailless amphibian Frog. 2. The phylum mollusca possesses unsegmented body differentiated into all except Tail. 3. The phylum mollusca uses gills and lungs for Respiration. 4. The spiral asymmetrical shell of snail serve as a - for the animal Protection. 5. Insects carries out gaseous exchange by means of Treacheae or Tracheae. 6. Amphibians tongue is an insect-catching apparatus which aids Feeding. 7. Which of these is not a feeding habit exhibited by gastropods? Epiphytic. 8. About 70% of all known species of animals are Insects. 9. Insects that remain inactive during the day time but become active at night are called Nocturnal insects. 10. Amphibians tadpoles lives in water and breathe by Gills. BIO102 TMA3. 10/10 1. Seed plants do not require immediate Aquatic habitat 2. Amoeba is a member of the calss sarcodine 3. Amoeba and paramecium are examples of the phylum protozoa 4. The dermal and gastral layers are found in the phylum porifera 5.In phylum protozoan, contractile vacuoles aid in osmo-regulation 6. A structure that aid paramecium in dispersal as well as go through unfavourable condition is called Encystement or encystment 7.Angiosperms are classified into two monocots & dicots 8.Classification of the phylum protozoan is based on locomotary structure 9. Protzoan sub-phylla where members have false feet, or flagella or no locomotory plasmodrome 10.Sexual reproduction in phylum protozoan occur by Conjugation Adult amphibians use – for breathing lungs Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Angiosperm can exist as All of the above One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth fingers The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called Archegonium One of these is not an example of gymnosperm Merchantia The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Sporophyte Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except feeding In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Anterior sucker In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Sporangia Question: The sub phylum vertebrata is made up of how mant classes Answer:C: 6 Question: Natural classification consider the following except Answer:D: similarity in appearance Question: Heterotrophism means Answer:D: depend on organic source for food Question: In which year was five kindom of classification propposed Answer:B: 1982 Question: Which of these is not a characteristic of viruse Answer:A: They are cellular Question: Which of these group is not a member of protoctist Answer:D: bryophytes Question: In which of these phylum do we have flat worms Answer:A: Platyhelminthes Question: The HIV virus belongs to the group of RNA viruses known as Answer:B: retroviruses Question: What is the highest possible magnification of light microscope Answer:D: 100x Question: Surface to volume ratio in a single cell animal like Amoeba can be as low as Answer:A: 400 Question: When the condition is favourable a bacterium can divides in every Answer:C: 15minutes Question: The coating on the outside wall of some bacteria is called Answer:B: slime layer Question: How many parts are recognised in a cell Answer:A: 3 Question: The cell organele that direct the manufacture of protein and other cell constituents is Answer:C: nucleus Question: The mould that gives bread blue green colour is Answer:D: Penicillum Question: Which of the following is not a part of yeast cell Answer:C: sporangium Question: Which of the following is not true about thalloid Answer:A: It has vascular sysytem Question: Which of these pigment is dominant in the phylum Phaeophyta Answer:B: Chlorophyll Aand C Question: Which of these is not part of the structure of Fucus Answer:C: root Question: Which of these groups of plants are reffered to as simlest land plants Answer:D: Bryophytes Question: Which of the following Protozoan lives in stagnant or slow flowing fresh water that contains organic decaying matter Answer:D: paramecium Question: Amoeba belongs to the phyllum Answer:A: Rhizopoda Question: Which of these phylla contains multicellular organisms Answer:C: Cnidaria Question: Which cell in Hydra coordinate the network of other cells Answer:B: nerve cells Question: Which of these is not characteristic of Platyhelminthes Answer:D: They are asymmetry Question: Taper at either ends round in shape triploblastic and no blood system These characteristics are for Answer:A: Nematodes Question: Which of these is not a class of Annelids Answer:D: Cnidaria Question: Which of these phylla is the largest in terms of number of animal species Answer:B: Arthropoda Question: The vertebrates are grouped into the classes except Answer:D: Gastropod Question: Which of the following is not a characteristic of reptiles Answer:C: They have external easr Question: Which of these is not a characteristic of Eukaryotae Answer:They have simple structures of cell wall and membrane Question: Which of these is not true about prokaryotes Answer:Evolutionary origin is about 12 million years ago
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Answer amphibians Question Which of these is not an amphibian? Answer Skates Question Which of the following have naked moist skin? Answer Amphibians Question Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? Answer All have olfactory organs Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? Answer arachnida Question Sea Cucumber is an example of the class Answer holothuroidea Question Brittle Star is an example of the class Answer opliuroidea, Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? Answer polychaeta Question The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Answer Chetae Question A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum Answer mollusca Question The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Answer Aristotle Question An example of liverwort is Answer Riccia Question Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Answer Bryophytes Question The hind limbs of -------- have clawed digits modified for walking, perching , hopping, running or swimming Answer aves Question The head is small and rounded, whole body is oval and sreamlined. These description best describe Answer a bird Question Which of the following is not an example of a cartilaginous fish? Answer Tilapia Question Which of these is an example of a bony fish? Answer Carp Question Which of these is an example of jawless fishes? Answer Lamprey Question Cold-blooded animals are also known as ---------- animal Answer poikilothermic Question Which of these does the fish use in detecting movements and changes in water pressure? Answer lateral line Question Which of these group of animals made the first transition from aquatic to the terrestrial mode of life? Answer amphibians Question Which of these is not an amphibian? Answer Skates Question Which of the following have naked moist skin? Answer Amphibians Question Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? Answer All have olfactory organs Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? Answer arachnida Question Sea Cucumber is an example of the class Answer holothuroidea Question Brittle Star is an example of the class Answer opliuroidea, Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? Answer polychaeta Question The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Answer Chetae Question A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum Answer mollusca Question The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Answer Aristotle Question An example of liverwort is Answer Riccia Question Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Answer Bryophytes Question Which of these is not a characteristic of the amphibians? Answer they are warm blooded animals Question Which of the following may not be correct about the amphibians? Answer none of the options Question The first group of vertebrates to have become fully adapted to life on land are the Answer reptiles Question All of these are reptiles except Answer salamanders Question Which of these denote the meaning of reptile? Answer crawl Question The reptiles have become independent of water due to the development of Answer embryonic membrane Question Which of these animals have the power to break off their tail automatically? Answer geckos Question Aves are --------- blooded animals Answer warm Question Which of these have scales on the lower part of the legs and on the feet? Answer fowls Question The fore limbs of ------ are modified to form wing axes Answer aves Question The hind limbs of -------- have clawed digits modified for walking, perching , hopping, running or swimming Answer aves Question The head is small and rounded, whole body is oval and sreamlined. These description best describe Answer a bird Question Which of the following is not an example of a cartilaginous fish? Answer Tilapia Question Which of these is an example of a bony fish? Answer Carp Question Which of these is an example of jawless fishes? Answer Lamprey Question Cold-blooded animals are also known as ---------- animal Answer poikilothermic Question Which of these does the fish use in detecting movements and changes in water pressure? Answer lateral line Question Which of these group of animals made the first transition from aquatic to the terrestrial mode of life? Answer amphibians Question Which of these is not an amphibian? Answer Skates Question Which of the following have naked moist skin? Answer Amphibians Question Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? Answer All have olfactory organs Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? Answer arachnida Question Sea Cucumber is an example of the class Answer holothuroidea Question Brittle Star is an example of the class Answer opliuroidea, Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? Answer polychaeta Question The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Answer Chetae Question A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum Answer mollusca Question The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Answer Aristotle Question An example of liverwort is Answer Riccia Question Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Answer Bryophytes Question Which of these is not a characteristic of the amphibians? Answer they are warm blooded animals Question Which of the following may not be correct about the amphibians? Answer none of the options Question The first group of vertebrates to have become fully adapted to life on land are the Answer reptiles Question All of these are reptiles except Answer salamanders Question Which of these denote the meaning of reptile? Answer crawl Question The reptiles have become independent of water due to the development of Answer embryonic membrane Question Which of these animals have the power to break off their tail automatically? Answer geckos Question Aves are --------- blooded animals Answer warm Question Which of these have scales on the lower part of the legs and on the feet? Answer fowls Question The fore limbs of ------ are modified to form wing axes Answer aves Question The hind limbs of -------- have clawed digits modified for walking, perching , hopping, running or swimming Answer aves Question The head is small and rounded, whole body is oval and sreamlined. These description best describe Answer a bird Question Which of the following is not an example of a cartilaginous fish? Answer Tilapia Question Which of these is an example of a bony fish? Answer Carp Question Which of these is an example of jawless fishes? Answer Lamprey Question Cold-blooded animals are also known as ---------- animal Answer poikilothermic Question Which of these does the fish use in detecting movements and changes in water pressure? Answer lateral line Question Which of these group of animals made the first transition from aquatic to the terrestrial mode of life? Answer amphibians Question Which of these is not an amphibian? Answer Skates Question Which of the following have naked moist skin? Answer Amphibians Question Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? Answer All have olfactory organs Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? Answer arachnida Question Sea Cucumber is an example of the class Answer holothuroidea Question Brittle Star is an example of the class Answer opliuroidea, Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? Answer polychaeta Question The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Answer Chetae Question A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum Answer mollusca Question The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Answer Aristotle Question An example of liverwort is Answer Riccia Question Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Answer Bryophytes Question Which of these is not a characteristic of the amphibians? Answer they are warm blooded animals Question Which of the following may not be correct about the amphibians? Answer none of the options Question The first group of vertebrates to have become fully adapted to life on land are the Answer reptiles Question All of these are reptiles except Answer salamanders Question Which of these denote the meaning of reptile? Answer crawl Question The reptiles have become independent of water due to the development of Answer embryonic membrane Question Which of these animals have the power to break off their tail automatically? Answer geckos Question Aves are --------- blooded animals Answer warm Question Which of these have scales on the lower part of the legs and on the feet? Answer fowls Question The fore limbs of ------ are modified to form wing axes Answer aves Question The hind limbs of -------- have clawed digits modified for walking, perching , hopping, running or swimming Answer aves Question The head is small and rounded, whole body is oval and sreamlined. These description best describe Answer a bird Question Which of the following is not an example of a cartilaginous fish? Answer Tilapia Question Which of these is an example of a bony fish? Answer Carp Question Which of these is an example of jawless fishes? Answer Lamprey Question Cold-blooded animals are also known as ---------- animal Answer poikilothermic Question Which of these does the fish use in detecting movements and changes in water pressure? Answer lateral line Question Which of these group of animals made the first transition from aquatic to the terrestrial mode of life? Answer amphibians Question Which of these is not an amphibian? Answer Skates Question Which of the following have naked moist skin? Answer Amphibians Question Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? Answer All have olfactory organs Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? Answer arachnida Question Sea Cucumber is an example of the class Answer holothuroidea Question Brittle Star is an example of the class Answer opliuroidea, Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? Answer polychaeta Question The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Answer Chetae Question A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum Answer mollusca Question The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Answer Aristotle Question An example of liverwort is Answer Riccia Question Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Answer Bryophytes In bryophytes, development of embryo occurs in the archegonium Which of these is not classfied as a platyhelminthes? coelenterates Volvox is an example of Colonial algae The followings are characteristics of algae except a. all are microscopic All of the options are examples of reptiles except a. toads The part of an earthworm that secretes a cocoon is the clitellum Which of the followings does not belong to tracheophytes? Thallophytes Trachophytes are also called vascular plants Snail is an example of the phylum-- -------- None of the above An example of yellow green algae is Vaucheria Cell wall of spirogyra is made up of cellulose and pectin In the hierarchy of clasification of living organims, the level with the largest number of organim is phylum All the options are examples of freshwater algae except d. gracilaria Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? b. Bryophytes In fish, the operculum covers b. gills Ascaris lumbricoides is a d. ring worm Ulva is an eample of a. thalloid algae The function of nucleus in eukaryotes is b. coordination of cell activities Question FBQ1 : How many units are in the module 2 of BIO 102? Answer: 5 Units Question FBQ2 : Nomenclature in biology is a binomial system following the work of ___________ Answer: Carl Linnaeus Question FBQ3 : The sub-phylum vertebrata is made up of how many classes? Answer: 6 Question FBQ4 : The classification that includes both internal and external features is --------- Answer: Natural classification Question FBQ5 : The use of computer in the classification of organisms is called ---- Answer: Numerical taxonomy Question FBQ6 : The average size of cell of prokaryotes in diameter is -------------- Answer: 0.5 - 10 milimicron Question FBQ7 : ____ is a nitrogen containing polysaccharide? Answer: Chitin Question FBQ8 : Evolutionally, autotrophic eukaryotes arrived on earth only ------------------- years ago Answer: 420 million Question FBQ9 : The simplest form of identification key is ---- Answer: Dichotomous key Question FBQ10 : The protective coat around the core of virus is called Answer: Capsid Question FBQ11 : Viruses that attack bacteria are called ------- Answer: Bacteriophages Question FBQ12 : HIV virus belong to the group of RNA viruses known as ______ Answer: Retroviruses Question FBQ13 : The coating on the outside wall of bacteria is called __________ Answer: Slime layer Question FBQ14 : The cell wall in some bacteria is strong and rigid because of the presence of ------ Answer: Murein Question FBQ15 : The pigment found in blue-green bacteria is called ---- Answer: Phycocyanin Question FBQ16 : The cells that are developed in Anabaena when there is shortage of nitrogen is called ------- Answer: Heterocysts Question FBQ17 : _____ is a body that is not differentiated into true root, stem and leaf . Answer: Thaloid Question FBQ18 : The photosynthetic pigments in phaeophyta is ________ Answer: Fucoxanthin Question FBQ19 : The colourless patches on the spiral chloroplast in Spirigyra is called ---- Answer: Pyrenoids Question FBQ20 : The two classes of bryophytes are --------------------- Answer: Liverworts and Mosses Question FBQ21 : The sorus is covered with _____ Answer: Indusium Question FBQ22 : The structure in dicot plant that is responsible for secondary growth is called --- Answer: Cambium Question FBQ23 : The oral groove and gullet in Paramecium are lined with ----- Answer: Cilia Question FBQ24 : The sponge’s skeleton is made up of fibrous organic substances called --- Answer: Sponging Question FBQ25 : ------------------ are responsible for forming the gemmules in Sponges Answer: Archeocytes Question FBQ26 : The common name of Fasciola is --------- Answer: Liver fluke Question FBQ27 : The group of worms that are not segmented, taperat either ends and have no blood system are called Answer: Nematodes Question FBQ28 : ---------- is very important to man because of their burrowing activities in the soil Answer: Earth worm Question FBQ29 : The projections on each of the segment of Nereis with which it paddles through the water is called ---- Answer: Parapodia Question FBQ30 : More than three quarters of known animal species are --------- Answer: Arthropods Question FBQ31 : The exoskeleton in arthropods is secreted by the ------ Answer: Epidermis Question FBQ32 : The shield in Crustacea is called ________ Answer: Carapace Question FBQ33 : The Crustaceans in which their exoskeleton is converted into heavy armour by impregnation of salts are called Answer: Decapods Question FBQ34 : How many pairs of thoracic appendages are found in Lobsters? Answer: 6 Question FBQ35 : What is the function of the 1st Abdominal part of Crayfish and Lobster? Answer: It is for transferring of sperm into the female-mating Question MCQ1 : How many study units are in the course BIO102 (General Biology II)? Answer: 25 units Question MCQ2 : Which of these is not part of BIO102? Answer: Distribution of organisms Question MCQ3 : Which of the following is not the aim of BIO 102? Answer: Explanation of the roles of organisms in their environment Question MCQ4 : The objectives of BIO 102 include the following except ------------- Answer: Comparison of organisms and their environment Question MCQ5 : How many modules are in BIO102? Answer: 5 Question MCQ6 : Which of these groups of organisms is not in module 4 of BIO102? Answer: Nematodes Question MCQ7 : Which of the following is not an objective of study of classification and characteristics of organisms? Answer: To be able to study every organism Question MCQ8 : In which year was the five kingdom classification proposed? Answer: 1982 Question MCQ9 : Organisms that are heterotrophic, digest food externally before absorbing the products belong to which system of classification? Answer: Fungi Question MCQ10 : Which of these statements is not correct about viruses? Answer: They contain both RNA and DNA Question MCQ11 : Evolutionary origin of prokaryotes was traced back to -------- Answer: 3.5 million years ago Question MCQ12 : Which of these organisms is not a protoctist? Answer: Pinus Question MCQ13 : Which of these is not a characteristic of fungi? Answer: They store carbohydrate in form of starch Question MCQ14 : Which of the following is not an example of the phylum Ascomycota? Answer: Rhizopus Question MCQ15 : Which of the following is not a characteristic of the phylum Porifera? Answer: They are tripoblastic Question MCQ16 : Which phylum of animal is referred to as segmented worms? Answer: Annelida Question MCQ17 : The following can be found in the protective coat of virus except ------ Answer: Nitrocaspid Question MCQ18 : The molecular weight of the virus that causes fowl plague ranges from --- Answer: Question MCQ19 : Which of these is not true about HIV? Answer: It can change its DNA to RNA Question MCQ20 : The largest bacteria may be about ---- micrometesr across Answer: 0.02 Question MCQ21 : Which of these is not used for the classification of bacteria? Answer: Environment found Question MCQ22 : The surface to volume ratio in Amoeba can be as low as --- Answer: 400 Question MCQ23 : When the condition is favourable, a bacterium can divides once in every ----- Answer: Fifteen minutes Question MCQ24 : Based on the acquisition of energy by bacteria, they can be placed in to how many basic groups? Answer: 3 Question MCQ25 : Theordor Schwann who discovered cell was a Answer: Physiologist Question MCQ26 : The number of cells in the body of man is roughly estimated to be the number of seconds in ---------- Answer: 950,000 years Question MCQ27 : Which of these is not one of the compositions of cytoplasmic matrix? Answer: Protein Question MCQ28 : The types of chlorophyll in brown algae are ----- Answer: Question MCQ29 : Which of these is a liverwort?? Answer: Pellia Question MCQ30 : Fucus is differentiated into the following except --- Answer: Leaf Question MCQ31 : The flower parts in dicots are usually in ----- Answer: Fours and fives Question MCQ32 : Plasmodium is in the phylum ------------- Answer: Apicomplexa Question MCQ33 : The epidermis of Hydra is made up of the following cells except ------- Answer: Nerve cells Question MCQ34 : The cells that coordinate the network of other cells in Hydra are called Answer: Nerve cells Question MCQ35 : Which of these statements is not true about Platyhelminthes? Answer: They are segmented Question: The thallus of Fucus is differentiated into the following except Answer: C vascular tissue Question: Which of the following is not true about rhizoids Answer: B It has mid rib Question: In what form does phaeophyta stored their carbonhydrate Answer: A laminarin Question: The sporangia of fern develop in cluster called Answer: D sori Question: The three basic parts of the cell include the following except Answer: A cell wall Question: The reproductive hypha in fungi is called Answer: B conidiophore Question: Which type of chlorophyll are dominant in the phylum phaeophyta Answer: B A and C Question: Which of the following is not a characeristic of the conifers Answer: B Seeds are enclosed in an ovary Question: The fungus that causes damping off disease of seedling is called Answer: D Pythium Question: The flower parts in monocot are in Answer: A threes Answer aves Question The head is small and rounded, whole body is oval and sreamlined. These description best describe Answer a bird Question Which of the following is not an example of a cartilaginous fish? Answer Tilapia Question Which of these is an example of a bony fish? Answer Carp Question Which of these is an example of jawless fishes? Answer Lamprey Question Cold-blooded animals are also known as ---------- animal Answer poikilothermic Question Which of these does the fish use in detecting movements and changes in water pressure? Answer lateral line Question Which of these group of animals made the first transition from aquatic to the terrestrial mode of life? Answer amphibians Question Which of these is not an amphibian? Answer Skates Question Which of the following have naked moist skin? Answer Amphibians Question Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? Answer All have olfactory organs Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? Answer arachnida Question Sea Cucumber is an example of the class Answer holothuroidea Question Brittle Star is an example of the class Answer opliuroidea, Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? Answer polychaeta Question The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Answer Chetae Question A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum Answer mollusca Question The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Answer Aristotle Question An example of liverwort is Answer Riccia Question Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Answer Bryophytes Question Which of these is not a characteristic of the amphibians? Answer they are warm blooded animals Question Which of the following may not be correct about the amphibians? Answer none of the options Question The first group of vertebrates to have become fully adapted to life on land are the Answer reptiles Question All of these are reptiles except Answer salamanders Question Which of these denote the meaning of reptile? Answer crawl Question The reptiles have become independent of water due to the development of Answer embryonic membrane Question Which of these animals have the power to break off their tail automatically? Answer geckos Question Aves are --------- blooded animals Answer warm Question Which of these have scales on the lower part of the legs and on the feet? Answer fowls Question The fore limbs of ------ are modified to form wing axes Answer aves Question The hind limbs of -------- have clawed digits modified for walking, perching , hopping, running or swimming Answer aves Question The head is small and rounded, whole body is oval and sreamlined. These description best describe Answer a bird Question Which of the following is not an example of a cartilaginous fish? Answer Tilapia Question Which of these is an example of a bony fish? Answer Carp Question Which of these is an example of jawless fishes? Answer Lamprey Question Cold-blooded animals are also known as ---------- animal Answer poikilothermic Question Which of these does the fish use in detecting movements and changes in water pressure? Answer lateral line Question Which of these group of animals made the first transition from aquatic to the terrestrial mode of life? Answer amphibians Question Which of these is not an amphibian? Answer Skates Question Which of the following have naked moist skin? Answer Amphibians Question Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? Answer All have olfactory organs Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? Answer arachnida Question Sea Cucumber is an example of the class Answer holothuroidea Question Brittle Star is an example of the class Answer opliuroidea, Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? Answer polychaeta Question The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Answer Chetae Question A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum Answer mollusca Question The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Answer Aristotle Question An example of liverwort is Answer Riccia Question Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Answer Bryophytes Try Another Search Q1 they are warm blooded animals Q2 Which of the following may not be correct about the amphibians? none of the options Q3 The first group of vertebrates to have become fully adapted to life on land are the reptiles Q4 All of these are reptiles except salamanders Q5 Which of these denote the meaning of reptile? crawl Q6 The reptiles have become independent of water due to the development of embryonic membrane Q7 Which of these animals have the power to break off their tail automatically? geckos Q8 Aves are --------- blooded animals warm Q9 Which of these have scales on the lower part of the legs and on the feet? fowls Q10 The fore limbs of ------ are modified to form wing axes aves Q11 The hind limbs of -------- have clawed digits modified for walking, perching , hopping, running or swimming aves Q12 The head is small and rounded, whole body is oval and sreamlined. These description best describe a bird Q13 Which of the following is not an example of a cartilaginous fish? Tilapia Q14 Which of these is an example of a bony fish? Carp Q15 Which of these is an example of jawless fishes? Lamprey Q16 Cold-blooded animals are also known as ---------- animal poikilothermic Q17 Which of these does the fish use in detecting movements and changes in water pressure? lateral line Q18 Which of these group of animals made the first transition from aquatic to the terrestrial mode of life? amphibians Q19 Which of these is not an amphibian? Skates Q20 Which of the following have naked moist skin? Amphibians Q21 Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? All have olfactory organs Q22 Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? arachnida Q23 Sea Cucumber is an example of the class holothuroidea Q24 Brittle Star is an example of the class opliuroidea, Q25 Which of these is not true of star fish? Water vascular system is not used for gathering food Q26 Vertebrata is a subphylum of the phylum chordata Q27 Which of these is not true of the chordates? they have no notochord Q28 A vertbral column replaces the ------------ in vertebrates notochord Q29 Which of the following is not true of the vertebrates? bodies are not bilaterally symmetrical Q30 Which of these is not a class of vertebrates? Protozoa Q31 The largest group in animal kingdom is the phylum A Hyperlink Q32 All these are arthropods except cephalopoda Q33 All of these animals belong to the class arachnida except lobsters Q34 Cockroach belong to a class of animal called insecta Q35 About ----------- percentage of all known species of animals are insect 70 Q36 The only invertebrate that can fly is Bats Q37 The body of an insect is divided into the head, thorax and abdomen Q38 Insects carries out gaseous exchange by means of abdomen Q39 Which of these may not be an adaptive feature of the arthropods? webbed feet Q40 The phylum echinodermata include all of the following except sea crab Q41 Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? polychaeta Q42 The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Chetae Q43 A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum mollusca Q44 Snail is an example of the phylum-- -------- Human made interface Q45 Octopus belongs to the class cephalopoda Q46 The largest class of the phylum mollusca is the class gastropoda Q47 Snail belongs to the class gastropoda Q48 Volvox is a ------- algae colonial Q49 The red algae are ---------- in form polysiphonoid Q50 A widely distributed genus of the Pteridophyte is pteris Q51 Which of these is not classfied as a platyhelminthes? coelenterates Q52 Which of these is mostly free living and aquatic? turbellaria Q53 Liver fluke is an example of the phylum-------- platyhelminthes Q54 Nematodes belong to the phylum aschelminthes s Q55 Ascaris lumbricoides is a nematode Q56 Animals with a cavity lined by an epithelium of cells are---- animals coelomate Q57 Which of these is not an example of the phylum annelida? hydra Q58 Which of these is not a class of the phylum annelida? turbellaria Q59 Earthworm belong to the class turbellaria Q60 The part of an earthworm that secretes a cocoon is the clitellum Q61 The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Aristotle Q62 An example of liverwort is Riccia Q63 Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Bryophytes Q64 Which of these organisms does not depend on water for completion of their life cycle? angiosperms Q65 Which of these organisms first colonise the terestrial habitat? bryophytes Q66 In Spirogyra, the chloroplast contains small nodular protoplasmic bodies called pyrenoids Q67 Spirogyra belongs to the class of algae called cyanophyta Q68 The followings are characteristics of algae except all are microscopic Q69 Which of these animals have their body covered with dry scales? reptiles Q70 Crustacean is an example of arthropods Q71 An example of the phylum coelenterata is the Corals Q72 In animals, growth is determinate Q73 Which of these is not a characteristic of the kingdom animalia autotrophy Q74 Flowering plants are also refered to as Angiosperms Q75 Which of the followings does not belong to tracheophytes? Thallophytes Q76 Which of these does not belong to the plant kingdom? Pseudosperms Q77 Which of the followings does not contain chlorophyll? yeast Q78 Which of these organisms is not a fungi? amoeba Q79 Which of the followings does not belong to Protista bacteria Q80 Which of the followings may not be classified an eukaryote? Monera Question Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? Answer All have olfactory organs Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? Answer arachnida Question Sea Cucumber is an example of the class Answer holothuroidea Question Brittle Star is an example of the class Answer opliuroidea, Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? Answer polychaeta Question The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Answer Chetae Question A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum Answer mollusca Question The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Answer Aristotle Question An example of liverwort is Answer Riccia Question Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Answer Bryophytes Question Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? Answer All have olfactory organs Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? Answer arachnida Question Sea Cucumber is an example of the class Answer holothuroidea Question Brittle Star is an example of the class Answer opliuroidea, Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? Answer polychaeta Question The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Answer Chetae Question A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum Answer mollusca Question The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Answer Aristotle Question An example of liverwort is Answer Riccia Question Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Answer Bryophytes Question The hind limbs of -------- have clawed digits modified for walking, perching , hopping, running or swimming Answer aves Question The head is small and rounded, whole body is oval and sreamlined. These description best describe Answer a bird Question Which of the following is not an example of a cartilaginous fish? Answer Tilapia Question Which of these is an example of a bony fish? Answer Carp Question Which of these is an example of jawless fishes? Answer Lamprey Question Cold-blooded animals are also known as ---------- animal Answer poikilothermic Question Which of these does the fish use in detecting movements and changes in water pressure? Answer lateral line Question Which of these group of animals made the first transition from aquatic to the terrestrial mode of life? Answer amphibians Question Which of these is not an amphibian? Answer Skates Question Which of the following have naked moist skin? Answer Amphibians Question Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? Answer All have olfactory organs Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? Answer arachnida Question Sea Cucumber is an example of the class Answer holothuroidea Question Brittle Star is an example of the class Answer opliuroidea, Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? Answer polychaeta Question The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Answer Chetae Question A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum Answer mollusca Question The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Answer Aristotle Question An example of liverwort is Answer Riccia Question Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Answer Bryophytes Question The hind limbs of -------- have clawed digits modified for walking, perching , hopping, running or swimming Answer aves Question The head is small and rounded, whole body is oval and sreamlined. These description best describe Answer a bird Question Which of the following is not an example of a cartilaginous fish? Answer Tilapia Question Which of these is an example of a bony fish? Answer Carp Question Which of these is an example of jawless fishes? Answer Lamprey Question Cold-blooded animals are also known as ---------- animal Answer poikilothermic Question Which of these does the fish use in detecting movements and changes in water pressure? Answer lateral line Question Which of these group of animals made the first transition from aquatic to the terrestrial mode of life? --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 6. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing --->> Feeding Swimming Hopping 7. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment Binary fission --->> All of the above 8. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 9. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko 10. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore --->> Sporophyte Sporangiophore ====== BIO102 ====== 1. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing --->> Feeding Swimming Hopping 2. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko Pines --->> Merchantia Cycads 3. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment --->> All of the above 4. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands 5. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites --->> All of the above 6. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 7. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 8. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore 9. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth 10. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins Gills --->> Lungs Nostrils ====== BIO102 ====== 1. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands Megaspores --->> Sporangia Septum 2. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth 3. Angiosperm can exist as --->> All of the above 4. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 5. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 6. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing --->> Feeding Swimming Hopping 7. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins Gills 8. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment --->> All of the above 9. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore 10. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko ====== BIO102 ====== 1. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites Saprobes Autotrophs --->> All of the above 2. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands Megaspores --->> Sporangia Septum 3. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko 4. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 5. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing 6. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 7. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore 8. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins 9. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 10. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment Binary fission Sporulation --->> All of the above ====== BIO102 ====== 1. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment Binary fission Sporulation --->> All of the above 2. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins Gills --->> Lungs Nostrils 3. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing 4. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth 5. Angiosperm can exist as --->> All of the above 6. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 7. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands Megaspores 8. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore 9. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko 10. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure ====== BIO102 ====== 1. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands Megaspores --->> Sporangia Septum 2. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing --->> Feeding Swimming Hopping 3. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 4. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth 5. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore 6. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins Gills --->> Lungs Nostrils 7. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko Pines 8. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 9. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment --->> All of the above 10. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites Saprobes Autotrophs --->> All of the above ====== BIO102 ====== 1. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment Binary fission Sporulation --->> All of the above 2. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 3. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands 4. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth 5. Angiosperm can exist as --->> All of the above 6. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 7. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins Gills 8. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko 9. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing 10. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore --->> Sporophyte Sporangiophore Gametophyte ====== BIO102 ====== 1. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 2. Angiosperm can exist as --->> All of the above 3. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore 4. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 5. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing 6. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands 7. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins Gills 8. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment --->> All of the above 9. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko 10. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure ====== BIO102 ====== 1. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins Gills --->> Lungs Nostrils 2. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 3. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms 4. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 5. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 6. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands Megaspores --->> Sporangia Septum 7. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore 8. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing 9. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites --->> All of the above 10. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment Binary fission Sporulation --->> All of the above ====== BIO102 ====== 1. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko Pines --->> Merchantia Cycads 2. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment Binary fission Sporulation --->> All of the above 3. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins 4. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites --->> All of the above 5. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 6. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 7. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing 8. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 9. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore 10. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands ====== BIO102 ====== 1. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites Saprobes Autotrophs --->> All of the above 2. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing --->> Feeding Swimming Hopping 3. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands 4. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 5. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment --->> All of the above 6. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 7. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins Gills 8. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore 9. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko 10. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker ====== BIO102 ====== 1. The dominant generation in pteridophytes is Gametophore --->> Sporophyte Sporangiophore Gametophyte 2. One of these is not an epidermal outgrowth --->> Fingers Scales Hairs Feathers 3. Adult amphibians use – for breathing Fins 4. One of these is not an example of gymnosperms Ginko 5. Angiosperm can exist as Parasites --->> All of the above 6. In platyhelminthes – act as auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion Posterior sucker Horizontal sucker --->> Anterior sucker Basal sucker 7. In spore bearing plants, spores are produced in special capsules called Glands Megaspores 8. The female reproductive structure in pteridophyte is called --->> Archegonium Archeganium Antheridium Female structure 9. Hind limbs in birds have clawed digits modified for all except Fencing 10. Asexual reproduction in protozoan occur by Encystment Binary fission Sporulation --->> All of the above BIO102: GENERAL BIOLOGY II TMA 2 1 The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Aristotl e 2 An example of liverwort is Riccia 3 Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Bryophytes 4 Which of these organisms does not depend on water for completion of their life cycle? angiosperms 5 Which of these organisms first colonise the terestrial habitat? bryophytes 6 In Spirogyra, the chloroplast contains small nodular protoplasmic bodies called pyreno ids 7 Spirogyra belongs to the class of algae called cyanophyta 8 The followings are characteristics of algae except all are microscopic 9 Which of these animals have their body covered with dry scales? reptile s 10 Crustacean is an example of arthropod s 11 An example of the phylum coelenterata is the Corals 12 In animals, growth is determinate 13 Which of these is not a characteristic of the kingdom animalia autotrophy 14 Flowering plants are also refered to as Angiosperms 15 Which of the followings does not belong to tracheophytes? Thallophytes 16 Which of these does not belong to the plant kingdom? Pseudosperm s 17 Which of the followings does not contain chlorophyll? yeast 18 Which of these organisms is not a fungi? amoe ba 19 Which of the followings does not belong to Protista bacteria 20 Which of the followings may not be classified an eukaryote? Moner a TMA 2 1 Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? polychaeta 2 The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Chetae 3 A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum mollusca 4 Snail is an example of the phylum-- -------- Human made interface 5 Octopus belongs to the class cephalo poda 6 The largest class of the phylum mollusca is the class gastropoda 7 Snail belongs to the class gastropoda 8 Volvox is a ------- algae colonial 9 The red algae are ---------- in form polysiphonoi d 10 A widely distributed genus of the Pteridophyte is pteris 11 Which of these is not classfied as a platyhelminthes? coelenterate s 12 Which of these is mostly free living and aquatic? turbellaria 13 Liver fluke is an example of the phylum-------- platyhelm inthes 14 Nematodes belong to the phylum aschelmint hes 15 Ascaris lumbricoides is a nematode 16 Animals with a cavity lined by an epithelium of cells are---- animals coelomate 17 Which of these is not an example of the phylum annelida? hydra 18 Which of these is not a class of the phylum annelida? turbellaria 19 Earthworm belong to the class turbellaria 20 The part of an earthworm that secretes a cocoon is the clitellum TMA 3 1 Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? All have olfactory organs 2 Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? arachnida 3 Sea Cucumber is an example of the class holothuroidea 4 Brittle Star is an example of the class opliuroidea, 5 Which of these is not true of star fish? Water vascular system i s not used for gathering food 6 Vertebrata is a subphylum of the phylum chordata 7 Which of these is not true of the chordates? they have no notochord 8 A vertbral column replaces the ------------ in vertebrates notochord 9 Which of the following is not true of the vertebrates? bodies are not b ilaterally symmetrical 10 Which of these is not a class of vertebrates? Protoz oa 11 The largest group in animal kingdom is the phylum A Hyperlink 12 All these are arthropods except cephalopoda 13 All of these animals belong to the class arachnida except lobste rs 14 Cockroach belong to a class of animal called insecta 15 About ----------- percentage of all known species of animals are insect 70 16 The only invertebrate that can fly is Bats 17 The body of an insect is divided into the head, thorax and abdomen 18 Insects carries out gaseous exchange by means of abdomen 19 Which of these may not be an adaptive feature of the arthropods? webbed feet 20 The phylum echinodermata include all of the following except sea crab S/N CRSCODE QUESTION OPTION A OPTION B OPTION C OPTION D ANS TMANO 1 BIO102The fore limbs of ------ are modified to form wing axes aves B TMA3 2 BIO102Which of these have scales on the lower part of the legs and on the feet? fowls D TMA3 3 BIO102 Aves are --------- blooded animals warm A TMA3 4 BIO102Which of these animals have the power to break off their tail automatically? geckos C TMA3 5 BIO102The reptiles have become independent of water due to the development of embryonic membrane D TMA3 6 BIO102Which of these denote the meaning of reptile? crawl A TMA3 7 BIO102 All of these are reptiles except salamanders A TMA3 8 BIO102The first group of vertebrates to have become fully adapted to life on land are the reptiles A TMA3 9 BIO102Which of the following may not be correct about the amphibians? none of the options A TMA3 10 BIO102 Which of these is not a characteristic of the amphibians? they are warm blooded animals D TMA3 Hello, Search Course Code Feature Is Now Active for complaints contact solutionboxteam4u2019@gmail.com Course Code BIO102 Question Which of these is not a characteristic of the amphibians? Answer they are warm blooded animals Question Which of the following may not be correct about the amphibians? Answer none of the options Question The first group of vertebrates to have become fully adapted to life on land are the Answer reptiles Question All of these are reptiles except Answer salamanders Question Which of these denote the meaning of reptile? Answer crawl Question The reptiles have become independent of water due to the development of Answer embryonic membrane Question Which of these animals have the power to break off their tail automatically? Answer geckos Question Aves are --------- blooded animals Answer warm Question Which of these have scales on the lower part of the legs and on the feet? Answer fowls Question The fore limbs of ------ are modified to form wing axes Answer aves Question The hind limbs of -------- have clawed digits modified for walking, perching , hopping, running or swimming Answer aves Question The head is small and rounded, whole body is oval and sreamlined. These description best describe Answer a bird Question Which of the following is not an example of a cartilaginous fish? Answer Tilapia Question Which of these is an example of a bony fish? Answer Carp Question Which of these is an example of jawless fishes? Answer Lamprey Question Cold-blooded animals are also known as ---------- animal Answer poikilothermic Question Which of these does the fish use in detecting movements and changes in water pressure? Answer lateral line Question Which of these group of animals made the first transition from aquatic to the terrestrial mode of life? Answer amphibians Question Which of these is not an amphibian? Answer Skates Question Which of the following have naked moist skin? Answer Amphibians Question Which of these is not true about the phylum echinodermata? Answer All have olfactory organs Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum echinodermata? Answer arachnida Question Sea Cucumber is an example of the class Answer holothuroidea Question Brittle Star is an example of the class Answer opliuroidea, Question Which of these is not a class of the phylum mollusca? Answer polychaeta Question The part of an earthworm that is stiff, brittle-like and helps it in moving around is the Answer Chetae Question A phylum which includes soft bodied animals with a shell is likely to be the phylum Answer mollusca Question The first person that attempted to classify living organisms is Answer Aristotle Question An example of liverwort is Answer Riccia Question Which of these organisms lack roots and have no vascular system? Answer Bryophytes Question Which of these is not a characteristic of the amphibians? Answer they are warm blooded animals Question Which of the following may not be correct about the amphibians? Answer none of the options Question The first group of vertebrates to have become fully adapted to life on land are the Answer reptiles Question All of these are reptiles except Answer salamanders Question Which of these denote the meaning of reptile? Answer crawl Question The reptiles have become independent of water due to the development of Answer embryonic membrane Question Which of these animals have the power to break off their tail automatically? Answer geckos Question Aves are --------- blooded animals Answer warm Question Which of these have scales on the lower part of the legs and on the feet? Answer fowls Question The fore limbs of ------ are modified to form wing axes Answer aves Question The hind limbs of -------- have clawed digits modified for walking, perching , hopping, running or swimming
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NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIO 102 COURSE TITLE: GENERAL BIOLOGY II BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II COURSE GUIDE BIO 102 GENERAL BIOLOGY II Course Developer/Writer Adams Abiodun E. National Open University of Nigeria Programme Leader Professor A. Adebanjo National Open university of Nigeria Course Coordinator Adams Abiodun E. National Open University of Nigeria NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ii BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Office No. 5 Dares Salaam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja Nigeria e-mail: centralinfo@nou.edu.ng URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published by National Open University of Nigeria Printed 2009 ISBN: 978-058-367-X All Rights Reserved iii BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ……………………………………………….….…… 1 What You will Learn from this Course …………………… … .…… 1 Course Aims ………………………………………………… ..…… 1 Course Objectives …………………………………………… ..…… 1 Working through this Course ……………………………… … ...…. 2 Course Materials …………………………………………………… 2 Study Units ……………………………………………… .… .……. 2 Textbooks and References ………………………………………… 3 Assessment ………………………………………………………… 3 Self Assessment Questions ………………………………………… 4 Tutor-Marked Assignment …………………………………… ..… .. 4 Final Examination and Grading …………… .…………… … ..……. 4 Summary …………………………………………………… ..……. 4 Introduction BIO 102: General Biology II is a one-semester, 2 credit- hour course in Biology. It is a 100 level, second semester undergraduate course offered to students admitted in the school of science and technology, school of education who are offering Biology or related programmes. The course guide tells you briefly what the course is all about, what course materials you will be using and how you can work your way through these materials. It gives you some guidance on your Tutor-Marked Assignments. There is/are Self-Assessment Exercise(s) within the body of a unit and/or at the end of each unit. The exercise(s) is/are an overview of the unit to help you assess yourself at the end of every unit. What You will Learn from this Course This course contains nineteen (19) units which cover a generalized survey of the plant and animal kingdom based mainly in the study or similarities and differences in the external features, ecological adaptation of plant and animal forms. Plants and animals consist of different forms: from the simple forms to the complex forms. At the end of this course, you would have acquaint yourself of the different forms of the plant and animal kingdom, especially their external features and ecological adaptation. Course Aims iv BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II The aim of this course is to provide a generalized survey of the plant and animal kingdom based mainly on the study, or similarities and differences in the external features, ecological adaptations of plants and animals forms. Course Objectives In addition to the aim of this course, the course sets an overall objective which must be achieved. In addition to the course objectives, each of the units has its own specific objectives. You are advised to read properly the specific objectives for each unit at the beginning of that unit. This will help you to ensure that you achieve the objectives. As you go through each unit, you should from time to time go back to these objectives to ascertain the level at which you have progressed. By the time you have finished going through this course, you should be able to: Know the similarities and differences in the different forms of plants and animals Understand the different classifications of plants and animals Describe plants and animals based on their external features Recognize plants and animals based on their possession of specific adaptive features. Working through this Course In this course, you will be advised to devote your time in reading through the material. You would be required to do all that has been stipulated in the course: study the course units, read the recommended reference textbooks and do all the unit(s) self-assessment exercise(s) and at some points, you are required to submit your assignment (TMAs) for assessment purpose. You should therefore avail yourself of the opportunity of being present during the tutorial sessions so that you would be able to compare knowledge with your colleagues. Course Materials You are to be provided with the two major course materials. These are: Course Guide Study Units The course comes with a list of recommended textbooks. These textbooks are supplement to the course materials so that you can avail v BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II yourself of reading further. Therefore, it is advisable you acquire some of these textbooks and read them to broaden your scope of understanding. Study Units This course is divided into 4 modules with a total of nineteen units which are divided as follows: Module 1 Unit 1 Living Organisms Unit 2 Algae Unit 3 Bryophytes Unit 4 Pteridophytes Unit 5 Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) Module 2 Unit 1 Animal Kingdom (Protozoa) Unit 2 Phylum Porifera Unit 3 Phylum Coelenterate Unit 4 Phylum Platyhelminthes Unit 5 Phylum Aschelminthes Module 3 Unit 1 Phylum Annelida Unit 2 Phylum Mollusca Unit 3 Arthropods Unit 4 Phylum Echinodermata Module 4 Unit 1 Vertebrates/Vertebrata (Fishes) Unit 2 Amphibia Unit 3 Reptiles Unit 4 Aves (Birds) Unit 5 Mammalia Textbooks and References I shall like to recommend that you reference the underlisted textbooks as the course progresses: Aina, J.O., Asun, P. and Ndu, F.O.C. (1999). Senior Secondary School Biology I. vi BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Idodo-Umeh, G. (1999). College Biology. Benin City: Idodo-Umeh Publishers Ltd. Sarojini, I.R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary School’s. Africana – Feb Publisher Ltd. Vidyathi, R.D., Pandey, P.N. (1978). Textbook of Zoology. New Delhi: S. Chand and Company Ltd. Assessment There are two components of the assessment for this course: The Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) or Exercise The Tutor-Marked Assignment (TMAs) The End of Course Examination Self Assessment Questions (SAQ) The exercise within each unit is/are meant to probe your understanding of then concept in the unit. It is non-grading and as such does not add up top your grade in the course. Tutor-Marked Assignment (TMA) The TMA is the continuous assessment component of your course. It accounts for 30 percent of the total score you will obtain in this course. Final Examination and Grading The course is to be concluded by this examination. The final examination constitutes 70 percent of the whole course. You will be adequately informed of the time of the examination. The examination will consist of questions which reflect all the basic concepts you would have learnt through the duration of the course. Summary This intends for you to have an underlying knowledge of the similarities and differences in the external features, ecological adaptations of plants and animals. By the time you complete this course, you will be able to answer conveniently questions that border s on the: external features of different plants and animal forms general characteristics of plants and animals general adaptive features of plants and animal forms vii BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II ecological adaptation of plants and animal forms various classification of plants and animals I wish you success in this course. Best wishes. viii BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II MAIN COURSE Course Code BIO 102 Course Title General Biology II Course Developer/Writer Adams Abiodun E. National Open University of Nigeria Programme Leader Professor A. Adebanjo National Open university of Nigeria Course Coordinator Adams Abiodun E. National Open University of Nigeria ix BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Office No. 5 Dares Salaam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja Nigeria e-mail: centralinfo@nou.edu.ng URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published by National Open University of Nigeria Printed 2009 ISBN: 978-058-367-X All Rights Reserved Printed by: x BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II CONTENTS PAGE Module 1 ……………………………………………………… 1 Unit 1 Living Organisms …………………………………. 1 Unit 2 Algae…………………………………… …………. 10 Unit 3 Bryohytes ………………………………………… .. 18 Unit 4 Pteridophytes ……………………………………… 23 Unit 5 Seed Plants (Gymnosperm and Angiosperm) … … .. 29 Module 2 …………………………………………….……….. 36 Unit 1 Animal Kingdom (Invertebrates & Vertebrates) …… 36 Unit 2 Phylum Porifera ………………………………… ..... 45 Unit 3 Phylum Coelenterate ………………………………. 51 Unit 4 Phylum Platyhelminihes …………………………… 57 Unit 5 Phylum Aschelminthes ……………………………. 63 Module 3 ……………………………………………..……… 68 Unit 1 Phylum Annelida ………………………………….. 68 Unit 2 Phylum Mollusca ……………………………… ...... 74 Unit 3 Arthropods ………………………………… … ..… . 78 Unit 4 Phylum Echinodermata ……………………………. 84 Module 4 …………………………………………….………. 88 Unit 1 Vertebrates/Vertebrata (Fishes) …………..………. 88 Unit 2 Amphibia …………………………… … ..………… 95 Unit 3 Reptiles……………………………… ..…………… 101 Unit 4 Aves (Birds) …………………………… … .........… 105 Unit 5 Mammalia ……………………………………… … . 110 xi BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II MODULE 1 Unit 1 Living Organisms Unit 2 Algae Unit 3 Bryophytes Unit 4 Pteridophytes Unit 5 Seed Plants (Gymnosperm and Angiosperm) UNIT 1 LIVING ORGANISMS CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Classifications of Living Organisms 3.1.1 Binomial Nomenclature 3.1.2 Kingdoms 3.2 The Characteristics of the Five – Kingdom Organ isms 3.2.1 Limitations of Five-Kingdom Classification 3.3 Kingdom Plantae 3.4 Tracheophyte (Pteridophyte, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm) 3.5 Kingdom Animalia 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION The world of Living things is very vast in numbers, ancient in history, and complex in diversity. The Science of biology has many disciplines, all attempting to provide us a true picture of the nature of living things. A casual observation of living organisms around you anywhere will reveal a wide variety of plants and animals varying in sizes, shapes, colour, speed of locomotion, etc. Also, they exhibit some similarities of features or behaviours. Therefore in this unit, we shall be looking at the various methods of classification of living organisms, and the characteristics of each group by which it can be identified. 1 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: list the different groups of living organisms explain the different methods of classification list the five–kingdom classification of organisms, its classifications and examples maintain the major characteristics of the major groups of plants and animals. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Classifications of Living Organisms More than 1.8 million kinds of living organisms have been examined and described. There are still many more to be discovered and described, therefore, we must have a meaningful way of classifying, identifying and naming them. Aristotle (384-322 BC) a Greek philosopher, was the first to make an attempt to classify living organisms. The present method of classifying and naming living organisms is based on the work of Linnaeus (1707-1778), a Swedish naturalist. The study of the general principle of classification is known as taxonomy or systematic. Hierarchy of Living Organisms Kingdom has the largest group of organisms. Each kingdom is split into smaller groups, and these groups into even smaller groups and so on. The arrangement of living organisms in this hierarchy from the highest to the lowest is as follows: Kingdom Phylum or Division (Plants) Class Order Class Genus Species 2 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Fig 1.1 As we go down (fig 1.1) the variety of organisms decreases. The kingdom has the largest variety of organisms. They have certain important features in common but show many differences. The species is the smallest unit of Classification. They are identical in general appearance. They can mate with one another and produce fertile offspring. Organisms within a species are very closely related. 3.1.1 Binomial Nomenclature This is the use of a standard system to name living organisms, though we are familiar with common names of living organisms such as Mango, Goat, Pawpaw, Lion etc. In Binomial Nomenclature, each kind of organisms is given two names: the first name is the genus to which the organism belongs and the second been the species to which it belongs. On the genius name begins with an initial capital letter, Hence the scientific name of Pawpaw is Carica Papaya, Lizard – Agama agama. The names are written in italics or underlined separately. 3.1.2 Kingdoms All living organism were placed into two kingdoms by Linnaeus. The Kingdom was plants and animals. This is known as two – kingdom classification. In this classification, many one-celled organisms could not fit in properly; it failed to establish clear-cut distinction between plants and animals. It also could not indicate correct relations among organisms. So, in 1969, Whittaker proposed the five- kingdom classification (Table1.1) which is generally used at present. The classifications are: Moneras Protists Fungi Plantae and Animalia The Kingdom Monera contains the prokaryotes – Which are the very simple –celled organisms that has no true nuclei. The eukaryotes- which cells are highly organized with definite or true nuclei are classified into the four remaining kingdom: protist, fungi, plantae and animalia. 3 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.2 The Characteristics of the Five – Kingdom Organ isms Table1.1 Kingdom Monera (Prokaryotes) Single- Celled organisms, motile or non-motile, microscopic Simple – Celled Structure with no definite nucleus. Examples includes Bacteria, Blue-green algae, actinomycetes Kingdom Protista (Eukaryotes) Single –Celled, motile or non-motile. Organisms are much larger than the monerans. Complex Cell Structure with a definite nucleus. Examples includes: Chlamydomonas, Amoeba Kingdom Fungi (Eukaryotes) Non-motile organisms usually of thread-like structure or hyphae. Plant- like but cannot carry out photosynthesis due to absence of chlorophyll, obtain food through surface from living or non living organism source by absorption, reproduction could be by asexual or sexual or sexual spores. Examples includes: moulds, Mushrooms, shine moulds, yeasts. Kingdom Plantae Many-celled, non-motile, contain Chlorophyll that enables them make their own food by Photosynthesis. Plants have indeterminate growth. Examples includes: Mosses, Ferns, Pines, Seed Plants (yam, bean, and plants). 3.3 Kingdom Plantae Plants can readily be understood in the context of their autotrophic mode of nutrition. They simply transform light energy into chemical energy by anchoring firmly in one place with a maximum surface area to capture sunlight. Plants use the cheapest material around, water and carbohydrate to generate size. Because plants are immobile, they are extremely responsive to environmental cues and have their life cycle in perfect synchrony with the seasons. 4 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Plants have a unique mode of development. This involves giving by meristems at their tips. They also have remarkable power of regeneration. Any single plant cell can regenerate an entire plant with its cell types. The cells have cellulose cell wall. The plant kingdom is mainly classified into: Algae Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms Thallophytes (Alga) Algaes, also known as Thallophytes are the simple green plants. They are aquatic plants (lives in water) that are thread like or flat (thallus) bodies with no roots or stems. They inhabit damp places on the land surface. They exhibit a distinct alternation of generation. The sporophyte is always attached and dependant on the gametophyte. Though bryophytes colonized terrestrial habitats but they are still dependant on water for completion of their life cycle. They produce motile gametes which require a thin film of water for their motility. Only in the presence of this film of water male gamete can reach non-motile female gamete to accomplish fertilization. Due to this reason, bryophytes are regarded as amphibians. Algae exhibits biological diversity and have the ability to produce a wide variety of metabolic products, hence they are extensively exploital in biotechnology. Algae other usefulness includes: an important source of food for fresh water and marine organisms and also supplies oxygen to them. Used as biofertilizer, for example nitrogen fixing algae which Farmers can grow in their fields are used to enrich soil Controlling pollution in water bodies and also in purification of sewage. 3.4 Tracheophytes (Pteridophytes, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm) The tracheophytes are known as vascular plants. This is because they have vessels or vascular tissues for conducting water and food. They are the largest group of plants which includes the seed plants (flowering plants) as well as some spore-bearing, non flowering plants like ferns. 5 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.5 Kingdom Animalia All animals belong to this kingdom. They are multicellular, eukaryote heterotrophy (organism). They lack photosynthetic pigments and obtain nutrients by ingesting other organisms. Their Cells lack cell wall. Many of the members exhibit advanced tissue differentiation and complex organ systems and move about freely, they are characterized by quick response to stimuli, with specialized nervous tissue for coordination. Growth is determinate, mostly with definite size and shape. Animals are Classified into Two Main Groups i. Invertebrata (invertebrate): animals with no backbone ii. Vertebrata (vertebrate) : animals with backbone The division and subdivision of animals are based on several important features including body symmetry, body design and body lavity. TABLE 1.2 Sub-Phylum Invertebrata Phylum Cellular Coelom Body Distinguishing Examples Organization Symmetry Feature Porifera No tissues None Asymmetrical Aquatic adults Sponges Non-motile, Filter feeders, posses pores & Collar cells. Coelenterates Tissues None Radical Polyp & medusa Jelly fish, forms, stinging Hydra, cells on tentacles corals Platyhelminthes Organs None Bilateral Flat body with Flukes, definite head Tape worm and tail end Nematodes Organs Pseudo- Bilateral Cylindrical, Ascaris, Coelom unsegmental hookworm, body Annelids Organs Coelom Bilateral Cylindrical Earthworm, Segmented body Leeches. Molluscs Organ Coelom Bilateral Unsegmental Snails, 6 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II System body muscular Cysters, foot, mantle Clams. cavity, shell presenting most cases Arthropods Organ Coelom Bilateral Joint tail Crustaceans System appendages, Snails, Chitinous insects, exoskeleton, spiders. Specialized Segments and sensory system Spiny skeleton; Star fish, System of water Sea canals , tube feet cucumber sea urchins Table 1.3 Sub-Phylum Vertebrata The General Characteristic factors of Vertebrates are shown below on Table 7 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Pisces Covered Modified into Through gills Bony fish, with scales fins Cartilaginous and slimes fish Amphibians Soft and Two fore legs Through gills in Frog, Toad moist and two hind young, skin and legs, lungs in adults through lungs Lizard, Reptiles Covered Two fore legs Snakes, with dry and two hind Alligators etc scales legs with toes ending in claws Aves Covered Forelimbs Through lungs Birds with modified into feathers, wings, hindlegs scales on feet with toes ending in claws Mammals Covered Two forelegs Through lungs goat, Cow, with hair and two hindlegs Dog, Man (fur) ending in claws 8 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Classification of Living Organisms at a Glance SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Classify the following kingdoms of organizations into prokaryotes and Eukaryotes i Monera ii Protista iii. Fungi 9 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II iv. Plantae v. Animalia 4.0 CONCLUSION The vastness and the diverging of living organism is well appreciated in this study. 5.0 SUMMARY In this Unit, you have learnt that; i. There is a general principal of classification of living organisms which is known as Taxonomy, and also their hierarchical structure ii. The Binomial nomenclature that identifies each type of organism is made up of its generic and specific names. iii The Five-kingdom classification of living organism is generally in use now, and it has its limitation. iv. Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Tracheophytes belong to the kingdom plantae. vi. The Kingdom Animalia are grouped into Vertebrates and Invertebrates. vii. Living Organisms have their Characteristic features which distinguish them from one another. 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. Differentiate between Bryophytes and Tracheophytes 2. Why are invertebrates grouped under the kingdom Animalia. 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Aina, J. O., Asun, P. and Ndu, F. O. C. (1999). Senior Secondary School Biology I. Indira Ghandi National Open University (2002). Plant Diversity – 1A: Diversity of Plants and Related Organisms. Pgs. 15-20. Idodo – Umeh, G. (1996). College Biology. Benin City: Idodo –Umeh Publishers Ltd. Sarojini, T. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools, Pgs. 9 – 40. 10 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II UNIT 2 ALGAE CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Algal Morphology 3.2 Characteristic Forms of Algae 3.3 Classification of Algae 3.4 Spirogyra 3.5 Structure of a spirogyra 3.6 Ecological Adaptation 3.6.1 Aquatic Algae 3.6.2 Fresh water Habitats 3.6.3 Marine Habitats 3.6.4 Special Attributes 3.6.5 Soil and Subaerial Algae 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION We have learnt about the various groups and classification of the plant and animal kingdoms in the last unit. In this unit we shall be looking at the first classification of the plant Kingdom, which is the Algae. Algae show great diversity in size and structure. They are unicellular, Colonical, filamentous and thalloid in form. Some are microscopic, while others are very big in size. They do not form complex organs or tissues. The study of their ultra structure under electron microscope shows that blue-green algae have prokaryotic type of cell like that of bacteria while all other algae are eukaryotes. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: mention the characteristics of algae. distinguish algae, morphologically classify algae show the external features of spirogyra outline the various ecological habitat and adaptation of algae. 11 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Algal Morphology Morphologically, algae can be distinguished as unicellular, colonial, filamentous, heterotrichus, thalloid and polysiphoid forms. Examples of each of these types of algae are given below. Table 2.1 Various Forms of Algae 1. Unicellular Algae: Example Anacystis Microcystis 2. Colonial Algae Microcystic Volvox 3. Filamentions Algae Nostoc} blue-green algae Ulothrix Oedogonium 4. Heterotrichous Algae Draparnaldiopsis Coleochaete Ectocarpus 5. Thalloid Ulva Fucus} Brown algae 6. Polysiphonoid Polysiphonia (Red algae) 12 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Colonial Algae Wall M icrocystis Heterotrichons Algae Thallus Algae 13
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BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Polysiphonia Algae 3.2 Characteristic Forms of Algae They are simple plants without roots, stems and leaves. They have Chlorophyll. Some have blue, yellow, brown and red pigments with the chlorophyll. Majority are uni-cellular while few are multicellular. Some, such as sea weeds are large. They are mainly aquatic, with a few on damp soils and shady places examples are spirogyra, anabaena and Sargassum The cell wall of algae is composed of a true celloulose. Reserve carbohydrates are usually starch and not glycogen as in fungi. 3.3 Classification of Algae Classification means grouping of organisms according to the simulating in their characters. It is not far fetched but true that organisms showing similar morphology, life cycle, physiology and biochemistry are genetically related from the evolutionary point of view. Therefore, Algae are classified into classes. These are: 1. Cyanophyta (prokaryotic algae) or blue-green algae eg. Including Nostoc, An abaena, Oscillatoria. 2. Chlorophyta (algae) eg. Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Chlorella 3. Phaeophyta (brown algae) eg. Fucus, Sargassum, laminaria. 4. Xantophyta (yellow –green algae) eg. Vaucheria, Botrydium 5. Chrysophyta (Golden-Brown algae) eg. Synura, Mallomonas, Chromalina. 6. Euglenophyta (Euglenoids) eg. Euglena, Trachelommas. 7. Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates) e.g. Ceratium, Peridinum. 14 BIO 102 II INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY 8. Crytophyta(Crytomanads) e.g. Crytomones, Chroomonas. 9. Bucillariophyta (Diatoms) eg. Diatoma, fragilaria. 3.4 Spirogyra Spirogyra a green algae belongs to the family Chlorophyceae and the order conjulaes or Zygnematales. It is a cosmopolitan plant which forms a tangled mass of filaments floratiny on stagnant fresh water, especially in ponds, ditches, springs and streams. Some species grow in running water. Such species produce a short unicellular organ of attachment, called hapteron, for anchorage on Sea weeds. Spirogyra is commonly found as bright green masses of thread-like or filamentous structures on the surfaces of waters, and is often referred to as a “Pond Scum”. 3.5 Structure of a Spirogyra Mature filament is unbranched and consists of single row of identical cylindrical cells joined end to end. Cell wall is made of Cellulose and pectin External cell wall is covered by mucilage, making it shinny. Cyloplasm is a thin layer with spiral bands of chloroplast. Nucleus is suspended at the centre by strands of Cytoplasm. Chloroplast contains small nodular protoplasmic bodies called the pyrenoids. Starch grains are deposited around each pyrenoid. External Features of Spirogyra 3.6 Ecological Adaptation 15 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Algae range from Unicellar (microscopic) to large (macroscopic) thalloid forms growing in variety of habitats almost all over the surface of earth. Wherever there is water, a little moisture or water vapours, and light, however feeble, Algae are sure to appear as green, yellow or brown patch. When several types of algae grow together under similar natural conditions we call them communities. The composition of a community is determines by the physical and chemical nature of the habitat. In many cases, the algal community indicates to us about the nature of the habitat, whether, it is rich or poor in nutrients or polluted etc., in other words it serves as an ecological indicator. 3.6.1 Aquatic Algae Most of the algae grow in water; however, there are also sub-aerial algae. Depending on the concentration of salts there are various kinds of water bodies, such as fresh water brackish water, sea water, brine-salt lakes and salt pans. There habitats nowadays may contain many types of pollutants, like excessive organic metal, heavy metals, pesticides, industrial effluents which are produced and dumped into them by man. This greatly affects algae and other organisms present in the water. 3.6.2 Fresh Water Habitats Fresh water habitats comprise of rivers, mountains streams, lakes and temporary rainwater puddles. Examples of Algae find here include green algae like oedogonium, diatoms, desmids, etc. In slow flowing rivers with rocky shores, one may find many filamentous algae like spirogyra, oedogonium. The surface of submerged rocks also shows epiphytic algae like desmids and Cyanobacteria. 3.6.3 Marine Habitats Sea inhabits largest number of algae collectively known as seaweed. Seacoast is periodically flooded and exposed to sun because of the feeds. The area between the high tide and low tide level is known as intertidal zone. The seaweed that grows in the intertidal zone face alternate drying and wetting. They are also firmily attached to the underlying rocks by means of hold fasts. At times they may get detached and found flowing in the open sea as in the case of Sargasso sea. Example of seaweed include Sargassum wightii (brown algae), Turbinaria, gracilaria edulis 3.6.4 Special Attributes 16 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Algae are also found in special habitats where environmental conditions are in extreme such as Brines and salt lakes where cyano bacteria (Anabaeria) and Unicellulal green alga Dunaliella can be found; Thermal Regions (not water) thermal springs with temperatures ranging from 40º to 70 ºc) inhabit alga like oscillareria, Mastigocladus and Cyanobacteria; Polar Regions (extremely cold climate conditions) where Nostoc, oscillatoria, can be found. 3.6.5 Soil and Subaerial Algae Surface layers of soils provide a favourable substratum when wet for the growth of several types of algas. Terrestrial algae such anabaena, play a major role as primary colonizers on newly exposed areas. Subaerial algae obtain their water from the moisture in air and grow if moisture is available. They are capable of enduring drought like the soil algae. One can see dark brown patches, sometimes with a velvelty carpet like cushions covering extensively the exposed surfaces of buildings, walls, finances, asbestos, roofs, rock surfaces and also tree trunks. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Give an example(s) of the following alga types: 1. Green Algae 2. Brown Algae 3. Golden – Brown Algae 4. Yellow-green Algae 4.0 CONCLUSION Algae exhibit various forms and inhabit a different aquatic habitat which is well appreciated in this study. 5.0 SUMMARY In this unit, you have learnt: There are different forms of algae; hence they show great diversity in size and structure. The body of an alga is known as thallus. Algae can be grouped into different classes and these could be identified based on their external morphological pigment (colour) Spirogyra is a common example of algae. 17 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Generally, Algae are mostly aquatic in nature 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. Outline the general characteristic features of named Algae 2. Describe the structure of filamentous Algae 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Aina, J. O. Asu, P. and Ndu, F. O. C. (1999). Senior Secondary School Biology I. Indra Ghandi National Open University (2002). Plant Diversity – 1B: Algae. Idodo- Umeh, G. (1996). College Biology. Benin City: Idodo – Umeh Publishers Ltd. Sarojini, T. R. (1993). Modern Biology. Senior Secondary Science Series. UNIT 3 BRYOPHYTES CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Bryophytes 3.2 General Characteristics of Bryophytes 3.3 Morphology of Bryophytes 3.4 Adaptation of Bryophytes 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION In the last Unit, we studied algal morphology and habits including their general characteristics. We have learnt that algae are mostly aquatic in habitat. In the course of evolution, the first land plants presumed to have evolved from green algae. In this unit, we shall be looking at Bryophytes which are considered to be the first land plants. 2.0 OBJECTIVES 18 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II After studying this unit, you should be able to: highlight the general characteristics of Bryophytes describe the Morphological features of Bryophytes outline the Adaptive features of Bryophytes name the two groups of Bryophytes and their examples. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Bryophytes During the course of evolution, a change from aquatic habitat to terrestrial habitat occurred and the only primitive land plants evolved. These are known as bryophytes. Although bryophytes colonize terrestrial habitats but they are still dependent on water for completion of their life cycle. They produce motile male gametes which require a thin film of water for their motility to reach the non-motile female gamete to accomplish fertilization. 3.2 General Characteristics of Bryophytes Bryophytes lack roots and do not have vascular system. Some mosses have a primitive system of tubes that conduct water and food – conducting tubes are called leptoids. A single plant is very small, hardly a few cm in size. It seldom grows large because of lack of supporting tissues. Bryophytes show two distinct and well defined phases of life cycle, sexual and asexual which follow each other. The gametophyte is haploid and produces gametes. The Sporophytes is diploid and produces spore. The haploid generation alternates with diploid genetic known as Alternation of generation. The gametophyte may be thalloid or has an axis differential into stem-like and leaf-like structures which have xylem and phloem. The gametophyte is green, photosynthetic and nutritionally independent, and anchors to the soil by unicellular or multicellular filaments called rhizoids. Rhizoids appear like roots but they lack vascular tissues. 19 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Bryophytes are more abundant in moist tropical areas. They also grow in deserts, mountains. In dry areas, their growth and activity is restricted to wet season only. 3.3 Morphology of Bryophytes Bryophyte is mostly divided into liverworts and mosses. Liverworts Gametophytes usually are close to the ground. There are 2 forms of liverworts namely; thalloid liverworts (gametophyte) and is dorsi-ventral, with upper and lower surfaces. Leafy liverworts (differentiated into leaf-like and stem-like structures). Leaves of liverworts are without midribs. Grows on moist ground or rocks that are also wet. (can be found in muddy areas. Examples include Marchantia and Riccia. Mosses This is the largest class of Bryophytes. They are divided into three subclasses: Sphagnidae (Reat mosses) Andreaide rock mosses) and Bryidae (true mosses). Example includes funaria. External Features of Marchantia Marchantia (Liverwort) 20 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Marchantia belongs to the family marchantiaceae. The gametophyte bears archegonia on vertical stalked receptacles called archegoniophore. It grows in cool moist places along with mosses and increases of burnt grounds. It is deep green in colour Has a prominent midrib which is marked on the dorsal surface by a shallow groove and in the ventral surface by a low ridge covered with rhizoids. Marchantia is decorous. The thallus of Marchantia is anchored to the surface by rhizoids which are of smooth walled. Scales are also present on the ventral surface arranged on both side of the mid-rib. External Features or Characteristics of Funaria (Mosses) Funaria is a very common moss and widely distributed through out the world. The adult gametophyte is the most conspicuous form of the moist plant. It consist of a main erect axis bearing leaves which are arranged spirally The adult gametophyte is called gametophine. It is small and about 1-3 cm high. The leaves do not have a stalk but show a distinct midrib. 21 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II The gametophore is attached to substratum by means of rhizoids. They are multicellular, branched and have oblique septae. The gametophyte bears sporophyte which has foot, seta and capsule. The gametophore develops from a filamentous, green short-lived protomenue. The protonema produces buds at certain stage of development, which inhate development of upring leafy green axis, the gametophore. The species, Funaria hygrometrica is cosmopolitan and is the best know of all the mosses. 3.4 Adaptation of Bryophytes Bryophytes are fixed to the soil by thread-like, small structures called Rhizoids. Rhizoids are unicellular and unbranched in liverworts but multicellular and branched in mosses. They fix the plant to the soil and absorb water and minerals from it. The hydroids transfer water from rhizoids to the leaves at the apex and the food conducting leptoids transport sucrose. In most other bryophytes, external capillary system takes care of the distribution of water to all parts of the plant body. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Having studied Algae in the past unit, outline the structural relationship between Algae and bryophytes. 4.0 CONCLUSION Having looked at Bryophytes in this unit, bryophytes can be considered to be the first land plant. 5.0 SUMMARY In this Unit, you have learnt that: 22 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 1. Bryophytes are simple non-vascular land plants and it is believe that they evolved from green algae because of several common characteristics. 2. Bryophytes shows two distinct and well defined phase of life cycle ie. The gametophyte phase and the sporophyte phase. The gametophyte produces the gamete while the sporophyte produces the spore. 3. The challenges of land environment for a plant are fixation to the ground conduction of water and dispersal of sperms and spores. Bryophytes take care of there by developing land adaptations such as epidermis, cuticles, stomata, air spores, rhizoids, etc. 4. Liverworts (Marchantia) and Mosses (Funaria) are example of Bryophytes. 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT State the general adaptation of land plants in relation to bryophytes. 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Indira Ghandi National Open University (2002). “Pla nt Diversity -3. Bryophytes”. Idodo-Umeh, G. (1996). College Biology. Benin City: Idodo-Umen Publishers Ltd. Sarojini, T. R (1993). Modern Biology. Senior Secondary Science Series. UNIT 4 PTERIDOPHYTES CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 General Characteristics of Pteridophytes 3.2 Relationship of Pteridophyte with Other Groups 23 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.2.1 Pteridophytes and Bryophytes 3.2.1.1 Similarities 3.2.1.2 Differences 3.3 Pteridophytes and Flowering Plants 3.4 Morphology of a Pteridophyte –Pteris vittata 3.5 Condition for Adaptation 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION Now we come to the last group of non-flowering plants, the Pteridophytes. The most familiar plants of this group are ferns which are commonly seen as house plants, in parks and also in house land scape along with ornamental plants. Ferns are rather small plants , often delicate compound leaves. Because of their beauty and difficulty in propagation, they are considered very precious plants. Pteridophytes are vascular plants and they posses root, stem and leaves. A common and widely distributed ferns is Dryopteris which grows in wet soil and under shade of trees. We also have Water fern, Azolta. There are also medium-sized tree ferns like cyathea. In this unit, you shall study the general characteristics, structure and morphology of a fern, and also the ecological adaptations of Pteridophytes. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: outline the general characteristics of pteridophytes relate pteridophytes with other groups of plants such as bryophytes and flowering plants outline the external features of a pteridophytes state the adaptive features of pteridophytes. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 General Characteristics of Pteridophytes i. Pteridophytes have two distinct phases in the life cycle. These are Gametophyte and Sporophytes which follow each other in regular succession. The two generations look different. 24 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II ii. The sporophyte is the dominant generation, independent of the gametophyte; it possesses a vascular system and it is in a different habitat. iii. Pteridophytes exhibit a great variation in form, size and structure. iv. Most are herbaceous except a few woody tree ferns. v. They may be dorsi-ventral or radial in symmetry. vi. They have dichotomously or laterally branched stems that bear megaphyllous leaves. vii. Roots are generally adventitious, the primary embryonic root being short-lived. viii. Spores are produced in special structures called the sporangia that are invariably subtended by life-like appendages known as sporophylls. ix. In most cases, the sporangia are compacted to form distinct spore producing regions called the strobile. The sporangia in some cases, may be produced within specialized structures called the sporocarp. x. The leaves of a fern plant is called frond. xi. Pteridophytes, in general, are homophonous i.e. they produce only one-type of spores. However, a few species produce two types of spores (micro-spores and megaspores). xii. They form green, dorsiventrally differential, thallose gametophytes with sex organs restricted to the ventral surface. xiii. The female reproductive structure is archegonium and the male reproductive structure is antheridium. 25 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Pteridophytes (External Features of Pteris vittata) 3.2 Relationship of Pteridophytes with Other Groups 3.2.1 Pteridophytes and Bryophytes 3.2.1.1 Similarities 1. Liverworts and Pteridophytes show similarity in vegetative structure of gametophytes. 2. Their female and male reproductive structures are archegonium and antheridium, respectively. 3. The opening of the mature sexual reproductive organs and the subsequent fertilizations are condition by the presence of water in liquid salt. ie both require water for fertilization. 4. They usually show a distinct and clearly defined heteromorphic alternative of generations and the two generations follow each other in regular succession. 5. The spores arise in the same manner in both groups. 26 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 6. Development of embryo occurs in the archegonium. 7. The young sporophyte or embryo is partially parasitic upon the gametophyte. 3.2.1.2 Differences 1. In Pteridophytes, the sporophyte is independent at maturity and is the dominant phase of life cycle instead of gametophyte as in bryophytes. 2. The Sporophyte has true roots, stems, and leaves and well developed conducting tissues-xylem and phloem, which are absent in bryophytes. 3. Some of the Pteridophyte is heterosporous but all the bryophytes are homosporous. 3.3 Pteridophytes and Flowering Plants In Pteridophytes, plant body is not divided into root and shoots system, in flowering plants, plant body differentiated into distinct root and shoot system. Vascular bundles are less developed in Pteridophytes, (tracheids) Flowering plants has well developed vascular bundles (xylem and phloem). There is no pollen grain, pollen tube; in Pteridophytes following plant has pollen grain. Pteridophytes have no seeds (but sori) white flowering plants produce seeds with cotyledons or endosperms. 3.4 Morphology of a Pteridophyte–Pteris vittata Pteris is a widely distributed genus with about 250 species. It grows abundantly in cool, damp and shady places in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Pteris Vittata is a low level fern which brings out new leaves throughout the year. It is very common along mountain walls and grows up to 1200 metres above sea level. 27 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II All the species of pteris are terrestrial, perennial herbs with either creeping or semi erect rhizome covered by scales. Roots arise either from the lower surface or all over the surface of rhizome. Leaves are compound in most species, but a few have simple leaves eg. Pteris cretica. The stalk of leaf continues as rachis and bears leaflets called pinnae. In Pteris vittata, the pinnae present near the base are tips are smaller than those in the middle. 3.5 Condition for Adaptation Sporophyte shows greater degree of complexity in structural organization. It is organized into stem, root and leaves. The Vascular tissues (xylem and Phloem) are developed only in the sporophyte. The aerial parts are covered with a layer of cuticle. On the Epidermis, there are stomata for the exchange of gases. These anatomical complexities of the sporophyte of Pteridophytes helped in inhabiting a much wider range of environmental condition than the gametophyte could do. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE State five general characteristics of a Fern. 4.0 CONCLUSION The Study of Pteridophyte makes the beginning of the study of plants, therefore the study of Pteridophytes should be intensified because of its importance to man. 5.0 SUMMARY 28 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II In this Unit, you have learnt that: In Pteridophyte, the sporophyte is the dominant generation which is independent of the gametophyte, unlike the Bryophytes where the reverse is the case. Pteridophyte are termed heteromorphic because of their two distinct phases in life cycle ie. The gametophyte and the sporophyte which are independent of each other. Pteridophytes body are not divided into true root and shoot system; the vascular bundle are less developed and they produce no seeds but what is known as sori. In Pteridophytes, the vascular tissues are developed only in the sporophyte. 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT Outline the relationship between Pteridophytes and Bryophytes in respect to their similarities and Differences. 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Indria Ghandi National Open University (2002). Plant Diversity -4: Pteridophytes. Idodo-Umeh, G. (1996). College Biology. Benin City: Idodo–Umeh Publishers Ltd. Sarajimi, T. R. (1993). “ Modern Biology. Senior Secondary Science Series”. 29 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II UNIT 5 SEED PLANTS (GYMNOSPERM AND ANGIOSPERM) CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 General Characteristics of Seed Plants 3.2 Gymnosperms 3.2.1 Classification 3.2.2 Conifers 3.2.3 External Morphology of Conifers 3.2.4 Ecological adaptation of Conifer 3.3 Angiosperms 3.3.1 Classification 3.3.2 General features of Angiosperms 3.4 Terrestrial Adaptation of Vascular Plant (Seed Plants) 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION Seed plants are seed producing vascular plants. They are also called Spermatophyte. They have well developed roots, stems and leaves. The seeds containing the embryo develops from a fertilize egg of a very small gametophyte which is completely dependent on the sporophytes, the plant form we see around us. The efficient seed dispersal of seed plants account for their continued existence and widespread occurrence. The fertilization of the egg is by the male gamete which is brought by pollination, followed by the growth of the pollen tube which carries the male gamete to the egg. Water is not needed in this process, hence the seed plants are true land plants. In this unit, we shall be looking at the seed plants: Gymnosperm and Angiosperms. 2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end of this unit, you should be able to: list out general characteristics of seed plants outline the specific characteristics features of gymnosperms and angiosperms highlight morphological characteristic of a named gymnosperm and angiosperm 30 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II classify gymnosperms and angiosperm highlight the terrestrial (ecological) of seed plants. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 General Characteristics of Seed Plants They are terrestrially adapted i.e they are land plants. The gametophytes of seed plants become more reduced and dependent on the sporophytes. They produce two types of spores (Megaspores and Microspores) ie. they are heterospores. They undergo pollution which replaces swimming as the mechanism for delivering sperm to egg. They produce seed. 3.2 Gymnosperms 3.2.1 Classification Gymnosperms are generally classified into four divisions. These are - Coniferophyta - the conifers - Cycadeophyta - Cycads - Ginkophyta - ginko - Gnetophyta - gnetae. 3.2.2 Conifers Among the gymnospems, the conifers are the most important. They have the following characteristics: They are cone bearing plants with vascular tissue. All are woody plants; the great majority been trees with just a few shrubs. Species can be found growing naturally in almost all parts of the world. They are frequently dominating plants in their habitats. They are of immense value, primarily for timber and paper production. The wood of conifers is known as softwood. Examples are: Cedars, Cypresses, Pines, Redwoods etc. 31 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.2.3 External Morphology of Conifers All are wood plants, and most are trees. Majority has a monopocal growth (ie. a single, straight trunk with side branches) with optical dominance. Size varies from less than a metre, to over 100 meters. They are the world largest, tallest and oldest living things. 3.2.4 Ecological Adaptation of Conifer The have distinctly scented pesin, which is secreted to protect the tree against insect infestation and fungal infection of woods. They maintain high rates of photosynthesis at relatively low temperature. Their needles (leaves) have thick warty coatings and sunken stomatas which prevent excessive loss. The sapwood column is large and acts as a short-term reservoir that supplies water to foliage during drought periods. Pine Seedling Fig. 1.5: Diagram of a Confer 3.3 Angiosperms 32 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II The angiosperms are also known as flowering plants. They occupy every habitat on earth except extreme environments. They live as epiphytes (i.e living on other plants); as floating and rooted aquatics in both fresh water and Marine habitats, and as terrestrial plants that vary tremendously in size, longevity and overall form. They can be small herbs, parasitic plants, shrubs, vines or giant trees. They are also sources for other important resources such as medicine and timber. 3.3.1 Classification Angiosperm are generally classified into two (2). These are: Monocotyledons (Monocots) Dicotyledons (Dicots). 3.3.2 General features of Angiosperms They could be photoautotroph, Saprobes or parasitic. Mostly pollinated by insects, birds, and other animals, while some are by wind They have vessels (xylem and phloem). The monocots include lilies, grasses, corn, wheat, palms, while the dicots include roses, maples, oaks, peas, and beans. Angiosperms posses certain external features that remarkably distinguish them from other seed plants. This feature includes: 1. Flowers They have modified leaves Has sepals – usually green Petals –brightly colored and insect pollinated Petals –drab – wind pollinated Has carpels – female reproductive organ. Has stamen- male reproductive organ. 2. Fruits It protects documents seeds. They have mature ovary. Simple fruit has single ovary flower (e.g. Pea pod, apple) 33 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Aggregate fruit – produce from separate flowers (e. g pineapple) Modifications for dispersal includes: attractive food, dispersal by wind, burns. Diagram of a Flowering Plant 34 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.4 Terrestrial Adaptation of Vascular Plant (Seed Plants) Possession of cuticle They do not need immediate aquatic habitat. Roots have no cuticle. They are woody materials made of Cellulose and lignin. Possession of vascular tissues (Xylem and Phloem). SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE List the characteristic features of a named gymnosperm. 4.0 CONCLUSION Seed Plants are crucial for human existence. The vast majority of the world’s crops are seed plants. 5.0 SUMMARY In this Unit, you have learnt that: Gymnosperms and angiosperms are seed producing vascular plants. The efficient seed dispersal of seed plants accounts for their continued existence and widespread occurrence. The distinguish features of Angiosperm in the possession of flower and fruits. Gymnosperms are mostly woody plants. Conifers are of immense economic value primary for timber and paper production. Seed plants do not need immediate aquatic habitat. 35 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. Outline how conifers ate terrestrially adapted. 2. What are the distinguishing features of a flowering plant? 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Sarojini, T.R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. AFRICANA – FEP Publishers Limited. http://en.wikipedia.org/wikj/conifer 36 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II MODULE 2 Unit 1 Animal Kingdom (Invertebrates and Vertebrates) Unit 2 Phylum Porifera Unit 3 Phylum Coelenterate Unit 4 Phylum Platyhelminthes Unit 5 Phylum Aschelminthes UNIT 1 ANIMAL KINGDOM (INVERTEBRATES AND VERTEBRATES) CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 General Characteristics of Invertebrates 3.2 Difference between Invertebrates and Vertebrates 3.3 Distinguishing Features of the Phylum Protozoa 3.4 Classification of Protozoan 3.5 Morphological 3.6 Habitat 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION An animal is either a vertebrate or an Invertebrate. This categorization of animals is based on presence and absence of the vertebral column, usually referred to as BACKBONE or spine in highly evolved animals, The animals which posses vertebral column are called VETEBRATES. Conversely, those animals, which do not have the vertebral column are called INVERTEBRATES. In vertebrates, a Characteristics structure, the notochord, develop during their embryonic period and later on, the same in replaced by a series of vertebrate, firming the vertebral column. In Invertebrate animals, the notochord never develops. Therefore, these are very often also designated as non-chordates or achordates. In this unit, we shall be concerned about the general characteristics of invertebrates. We shall also be looking at the differences between Invertebrates and vertebrates. We shall also take a look at the first Phylum of Invertebrate, the phylum protozoa. 37 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: outline the general characteristics of invertebrates differentiate between invertebrates and vertebrates outline the features of protozoas highlight the morphological structure of a protozoa explain different ecological adaptation of a protozoa based on its external morphology. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 General Characteristics of Invertebrates The Invertebrates animals abound in number very greatly, about 95 percent of the identified and described species of living species of animals are invertebrates. They vary in size, some are microscopic e.g. Protozoans, while others are enormously large, e.g. some giant cephalopods. Their shape is variable and they show different kinds of symmetry but considerable number is Asymmetrical as well. Except protozoa other invertebrate phyla shows multicellularity. They show different grades of body-organization; Protozoans and poriferans exhibit cellular grade of organism but coelenterates exhibit beginning of the tissue grade organization which has become more pronounced in higher invertebrates. They integument of invertebrates is simple. The gut may be entirely absent, or partially formed or fully formed. However, if present, it is always dorsal in position. Likewise, if heart is present, it is always dorsal in position. The nerve cord is ventral in position and solid in organization. Circulatory system, if present in invertebrates, may be open type, or closed type or combination of both. They show diversified excretory mechanisms, some takes place by general body surface, or by specialized cells as flame cells or 38 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II structure like nephridiaa, Malphighian tubules, green glands, kidneys. Etc. They undergo different methods of reproduction such as fission, conjugation, parthenogenesis and gametic fusion. All invertebrate animals are cold-blooded. 3.2 Difference between Invertebrates and Vertebrates The Invertebrate animals differ from the vertebrate animals in many respects. These differences are summarily enumerated in table ………… S/N Higher Invertebrate Vertebrate Appendages if present are more There are never more than two 1. than pairs. pairs of appendages. 2. May have non-living There is always an endoskeleton, exoskeleton made of living tissues like cartilage and bones. 3. The Central nervous system The Central nervous system is in controls solid ganglia connected the form of a hallow thick-walled by nerve bones to form a chain. tube 4. The nerve cord lies ventrally to The neutral tube lies dorsally to the the digestive tract. digestive tract. 5. The respiratory organs usually The respiratory organs develop in develop from the ectoderm. relation to the wall of the pharynx and consist of gills or lungs, but gill clefts are present in the embryo of all vertebrates. 6. The circulatory system is The Circulatory system is a closed usually not closed. system with arteries, veins and capillaries. 7. The heart is always dorsal in The heart is always ventral and position. anterior. 8. Respiratory pigment Haemoglobin is contained in the haemoglobin, if present, is red blood corpuscles. dissolved in plasma. 9. Blood flowing through the Blood circulates through a closed 39 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II arteries may pass freely into the system of vessels-arteries, body cavity. capillaries and veins.
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10. True tail is not found. Anus is A true tail which may be defined as terminal and opens at the the post anal continuation of the posterior end of the body. body axis may be present. 11. Skin consists of only one layer. Skin consists of two distinct layers, an outer epidermis overlying a thick dermis. 12. Eyes develop from the skin and Eyes develop as outgrowths of the not from the brain. Compound brain compound eyes are never eyes are often present. found. 13. Alimentary canal present or Alimentary canal always present. absent 14. No gill slits. Gill Slits present at least in the embryos. 15. Reproduction sexual or asexual. Reproduction is only sexual. Phylum Protozoa The term Protozoa refers to Unicellular or acellular animals of the microscopic size. They from the simplest of all the groups in the animals’ kingdom. The name protozoa means “first animals” and has been derived from two Greek words, PROTOS, meaning first and zoon, meaning animal. They are looked upon as the most primitive form of life, appearing first in the evolutionary history. Structurally a protozoan is a one-called animal comparable with one cell or a METAZOAN but functionally it is an entire organisms, physiologically balanced and performs all the essential process of an animal, hence protozoans are called acellular or non-cellular organisms. In this unit, we shall be looking at the distinguishing features of protozoans, the external features and how they are adapted to their environment. 40 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.3 Distinguishing Features of the Phylum Protozoa i. The mode of life could be free-living or parasitic. ii. The presence of moisture in their environment is an essential condition for their mode of life. iii. Locomotry organs are finger – like Pseudopodia or whip-like Flagella or hair-like Cilia or absent. Meganucleus) eg. Paramecium. iv. Nutrition may be holozoic (animal-like), holophytic (Plant-like), Sapro-phylic or parasitic. v. Respiration occurs through general surface of the body. vi. Excretion occurs through general surface or through contractile vacumes which also serve for Osmo-regution. vii. Reproduction takes place asexually by binary or multiple fission and budding, and sexually by conjugation of the adults or female gametes. viii. Encystement commonly occurs to help in dispersal as well as to pass unfavourable condition. 3.4 Classification of Protozoan The classification of the Phylum Protozoa is based on locomotory Structure. The Phylum Protozoa is divided into sub-phylia; i. Plasmodrome; Members have Pseudopodia (false feet) or flagella or no locomotory structure eg. Amoeba, Euglenas. ii. Ciliophora: Members have cilia and more than one nucleus of which one is large (Meganucleus) eg. Paramecium.) Amoeba Phylum - Protozoa Subphylum - Plasmodroma Class - Rhizopods Order - Lobosa Genus - Amoeba 41 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Diagram of Amoeba and Paramecium (External Features) 3.5 Morphological Structure of Amoeba Amoeba, a member of class Sarcodine is the common example of the simplest animal life and is usually universally studied as an: Introduction to the Phylum Protozoa. The most common species is Amoeba proteus. It measures about 0.25 to 0.60mm in size and is difficult to see without the aid of a microscope. 42 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Under the microscope, it appears as a minute slate – coloured shining, irregular mass of a gelatin-like substance with study moving fine particles. It has an irregular shape due to the fact that protrusions of its own substance and formed at its surface in different directions – the Pseudopodia and they are constantly changing in shape in the achieve animal by the protoplasm. It consists of a very- thing elastic external plasma membrane or plasmallema 3.6 Habitat The common Amoeba Proteus may be collected from a variety of places where condition of water, temperature and organic food are favourable such as debris from watering troughs, bottom of ponds, pools, drains, ditches, abandoned tanning pits and wherever there is abundant aquatic vegetation. Locomotion Pseudopodia are associated with ingestion of food and Locomotion-During Locomotion, it form one or more blunt finger-shaped processes or pseudopodia which continue to grow more and more by the flow of the protoplasm which is obviously withdrawn from somewhere else and, therefore, if the formation of the Pseudopodium is mainly in one-direction, the amoeba must change in position and it is in this way that locomotion is effected. Irritability This has a particular reference to the pseudopodia. If a pseudopodium, an extension, should come in contact with a foreign body, such as a grain of sand, it is retracted and a new one is pushed out in a changed direction. This implies that the generated Protoplasm of amoeba has the power to perceived nervous messages or stimuli over the whole of its surface, since at whatever point the pseudopodium is extended it will react to this reaction. Food and Feeding The aquatic environment of amoeba has tiny particles of various organic substances, suitable for food. This includes unicelluar plants, particular bacteria and diatoms, tiny filaments of algae, various protozoan species together with organic debris of many kinds. It is holozoic in nutrition, 43 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II that is, it ingests solid organic particle. This is with the aid of the pseudopodia. Egestion There is no specialized organelle in amoeba for throwing out the indigestible material. It leaves the animal through a temporary opening in the ectoplasm at the rear of the animal. The plasmallema ruptures at this point of contact with the vacuole and the feaces are egested or the animal flows away. New plasmalemma is formed at the ruptured area to stop the outflow of endoplasm. Respiration The process whereby the Carbondioxide leaving the protoplasm is exchange for oxygen entering it, is known as Respiration. In amoeba this exchange is carried on mainly through the general surface of the body. The water in which amoeba lives must contain dissolved oxygen in order that this diffusion may go on. Osmo Regulation Osmo regulation refers to the regulation of water content. The contractile vacuole is responsible for this function. The contractile vacuole is a clear space. It contains a fluid less dense than the surrounding protoplasm. At more or less regular intervals, it suddenly collapses, its walls having contracted, force out the fluid contents which is known to contain traces of urea and Carbon dioxide but mostly water. Reproduction Reproduction is asexual and is by the methods of: i. Binary Fission ii Sporulation iii. Encystment SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Classify Protozoan based on their Locomotory Structure. 4.0 CONCLUSION The Locomotory structure of the Protozoan plays a paramount role not just in its classification, but also in its ecological adaptations. 44 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 5.0 SUMMARY In this Unit, you have learnt that: Protozoans forms the simplest of all the groups in the kingdom Protozoans are called acellular or non-celluar organisms. Protozoans mode of life could be free-living or parasitic The Classification of the Phylum Protozoan is based on Locomotory structure. Amoeba and Paramecium are examples of the phylum protozoa. As a form of adaptation, the pseudopodia are associated with ingestion of food and locomotion. The contractile vacuole is responsible for the regulation of water content in protozoans. 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. Draw an annotated diagram of a named Protozoa. 2. Outline the distinguishing features of a protozoon from other groups of animals. 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Indira Ghandi National Open University (1998). Diversity of Animal Life- 1(Organization). 45 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II UNIT 2 PHYLUM PORIFERA CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Distinguishing Features of Phylum Porifera 3.2 Classification of Poriferas 3.2.1 LEUCOSOLENIA (A Simple Colonials Sponge) 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION Having studied the phylum protozoa in the last unit, in this unit, you shall be looking at the phylum porifera. The members of phylum Porifera are very interesting and are found widely distributed in both fresh and salt water. They vary considerably in size and shape; some reach a size of 80cm to 2 metres in diameter while others form a thin incrustation on rocks, sponges as porifera are also called, has a very large number of microscopic pores on the surface of their body through which water passes constantly in from this stream of water, the sponges are able to strains out the microscopic organisms, which are used as food. Because of the presence of million of “pores” , this Phylum of animals has been called Porifera or Pore bearers. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this Unit, you should be able to: out line the distinguishing features of poriferas draw the external features of a named porifera classify the phylum porifera outline the structure and ecological adaptation of porifera. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Distinguishing Features of Phylum Porifera From the point of view of structure of multicellular animals, the poriferas also known as sponges are the simplest and the most primitive. The main distinguishing characters of the Phylum, which is also known as Parozoa are as follows: 46 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II i. They are asymmetrical ii. Well developed tissues and organs are not present. iii. Digestive system is absent and digestion of food is intracellular. iv. The body wall surrounding the central cavity is only two layers the outer layer known as the dermal layer and the inner layer as the gastral layer. v. The gastral layer contains flagellated collared cells or choanocytes. They do not have respiratory and excretory organs. Nerve cells are also absent. The pores or Ostia opening into the gastral cavity are surrounded by contractile cells. vi. The entire outer surface of the body shows the presence of large number of Ostia through which a Constantly flowing stream of water is maintained. 3.2 Classification of Poriferas The different kinds of spicules in the wall of Poriferas are used in Classification. Therefore Porifera is divided into the following classes: i. CALCAREA OR CALCISPONGIAE eg. Leucosolenia, Scypha, Grantia, etc. ii. HEXACTINELLIDA e.g. Euplectella, Hyalonema iii. DEMOSPONGIA eg. Spondilla, Spongia 3.2.1 Leucosolenia (A Simple Coconial Sponge) Phylum - Porifera Class - Callerea Order - Homocoela Genus - Leucosolenia Diagram of Leucosolenia: (External Features) 47 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II External Organizations Leucosolenia is whitish or Yellow in colour. Consists of a cluster of vase-shaped individuals All individuals are connected to common horizontal branches with their base. The individuals are free above and open to exterior by a large opening called osculum, present at their tip. Osculum is surrounded by an oscular fringed which is composed of a circlet of monaxim catcareous spicules. Each individual cylinder has many pores, called Ostia, in the surface and it may attain a height of about 25cm. Ecological Adaptation 48 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Habit and Habitat Leucosolenia is a small, delicate branching, colonial marine springe. It is worldwide in distribution and found attached to stones and rocks of sea-shore water. For its life activities, it depends entirely on water. Structural Adaptation of Leucosolenia The body wall of leusolenia is very thin and unfolded consisting of two Layer (choanodern). These layers are separated by gelatinous layers of Mesoglea or Mensenchyme. The dermal layer is a protective layer. The constant movement of their flagella, situated in the gastral layer, set in continuous water current in one direction. The Mesoglea contains types of cells which together form the Mesenchyme. The amoebocytes. Which are the most important cells in the mesenchyme performs the following functions: They take food from the choanocytes and supply it to the other cells, They carry on intracellular digestion of food and also help in the storage. They carry on transport of waste matter. They form scleroblasts which produce spicules or sponging fibre. These form the endoskeleton. They also function as germ cells. Sensitivity Although the sponge has no nervous system but still they show response to contact, chemicals light and heat. Reproduction The sponges carry in reproduction by the following method: 1. Regeneration 2. Asexual reproduction 3. Sexual reproduction Canal Systems in Sponges 49 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II The passages through which water travels from outside the body to the interior of the body and then outside again, form the canal systems in sponges. The canal system is advantageous as follows; It brings a constant supply of water The continuous current of water passing through a sponge furnishes an ample supply of oxygen for all the cells. The continuous current water passing through a sponge carries away carbon dioxide and waste nitrogenous substances. The water which leaves a sponge has been filtered off much of its food and oxygen and is loaded with poisonous waste resulting from metabolism. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Outline the general characteristic of the Phylum Porifera. 4.0 CONCLUSION Phylum Porifera also known as sponges are simple aquatic invertebrates that do not move about, but are attached to rock or shells. 5.0 SUMMARY In this Unit, you have learnt that: Spronges are aquatic invertebrate. They are asymmetrical. Leucosolenia is an example of sponges. Leucosolenia consist of a cluster of vase-shaped individuals. Their dermal layer is a protective. They depend on water for their life activities which includes: supply of food, oxygen and disposal of water materials. 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. Draw the external features of a named porifera. 2. What are the features that adapt the porifera to its environment? 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS 50 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Indira Ghandi National Open University (1998). Diversity of Animal Life – 1. Sarojini, T. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary School. Africana – FEP Publishers. UNIT 3 PHYLUM COELENTERATA 51 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Characteristic Features of Coelenterates 3.1.1 Forms of Coelenterate 3.2 Classification of Phylum Coelenterata ( Cnidaria) 3.2.1 Class Hydrozoa 3.2.2 Class Scyphozoa 3.2.3 Class Cubozoa 3.2.4 Class Anthozoa 3.3 External Features of Hydra 3.4 Adaptive Features of Hydra 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0INTRODUCTION You have already seen in the last unit above, how sponges- phylum Porifera is organized. We shall now look at the phylum coelenterata. The coelenterates include more than 9000 living species, all aquatic, mostly marine but also some fresh water forms. They are a successful group of animals, though of great structural and functional simplicity among metazoans. Examples include jelly fishes, sea anemones, corals, hydroids etc 2.0OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: classify the phylum coelenterate outline the characteristic features of coelenterates mention the various classes of coelenterates with examples make a labeled diagram of a named coelenterate- hydra describe the external features of hydra outline the adaptive features of hydra. 3.0MAIN CONTENT 52 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.1 Characteristic Features of Coelenterates All are aquatic animals They are radially or biradally symmetrical They diploblastic, with an epidermis and a gastrodermis, and a less cellular or non-cellular, gelatinous mesoglea in between They have no coelom, or separate excretory or respiratory system Two individual forms of coelenterate exist: polyps and medusa 3.1.1 Forms of Coelenterate There are two forms of individuals in Coelenterates. These forms are: Polyp Medusa Polyp is tubular, the oral end being free carrying a whorl of tentacles, and the aboral end attached to the sub stratum by the basal disc. The polyp is the sedentary, benthic form The Medusa is the free swimming umbrella-like pelagic form, with mouth at the end of the manubrium on the subumbrellar side. Fig 3.1 Diagram of Polyp and Medusa forms 3.2 Classification of Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria) 53 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Depending mainly upon whether polyp or medusa is the dominant form in the life cycle, coelenterates are divided into four classes: Hydrozoa Scyphozoan Cubozoa Anthozoa 3.2.1 Class Hydrozoa They may be solitary or colonial forms There are asexual polyps and sexual medusae, though one type may be suppressed Animals may be either fresh water or marine Examples include Hydra and Obelia 3.2.2 Class Scyphozoa They are solitary medusa Polyp stage reduced or absent Medusae do not have velum All are marine Aurelia is a typical example of this class 3.2.3 Class Cubozoa They are solitary medusoid forms They have reduced polyp stage Medusa is square in cross section All are marine animals Example include Carybdea 3.2.4 Class Anthozoa All are polyps They are solitary or colonial Gonads are gastrodermal All are marine Example include sea anemone 3.3 External Features of Hydra 54 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Body resembles a narrow elastic tube, closed at one end and open at the other The closed end of hydra is known as the foot or the basal disc refered to as the aboral end Has a conical process, the Hypostome or the Oral Cone in the centre of which is situated an irregular or star shaped mouth Has slender contractile and hollow tentacles between 6-10 in numbers Body may attain a length of 20mm or more whe fully extended Usually have small hydras known as buds attached to them when food supply is in abundance They have rounded projections on their body which are sexual organs- testes and ovaries Fig 3.1 Hydra 3.4 Adaptive Features of Hydra 55 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Foots secretes a sticky substance for Anchorage and Lcoomotion Interstitial cells which is chief agent in regeneration, repairs, budding and reconstructing tissues in growth Nematoblast helps in defence Hydra usually remains attached by its basal disc or foot to objects under water The movement of hydra are for: the capture of the prey; response to stimuli; locomotion Swimming is facilitated by the wave-like movement of the tentacles Hydra is a Carnivorous animal Egestion is through the mouth Gaseous exchange is made by almost direct diffusion through the cell membrane to the surrounding water SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Outline the characteristic features of the phylum Cnidaria 4.0 CONCLUSION The Coelenterate or Cnidaria is a successful group of animals, though of great structural and functional simplicity among metazoans. 5.0 SUMMARY At the end of this unit, you have learnt that: Coelenterates are all aquatic in nature They are radially symmetrical Coelenterates also known as Cnidaria is classified into four: hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa , and Anthozoa Hydra, a typical example of the Coelenterates belong to the class Hydrozoa 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT With the aid of a labeled diagram, describe the external features of Hydra. 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS 56 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Indira Ghandi National Open University (1998). Diversity of Animal Life – 1. Sarojini, T. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary School. Africana – FEP Publishers. 57 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II UNIT 4 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINIHES CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 General Characteristic Features of the Phylum Platyhelminthes 3.2 Classification of Platyhelminthes 3.3 Fasciola hepatica (Sheep Liver – Fluke) 3.3.1 External Morphology 3.3.2 Habitat 3.4 Structural Adaptation 3.4.1 Parasitic Adaptation 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION we have just studied diploblastic animals i.e. (coelentrates) animal where body is made up of only germ layers – the ectoderm and endoderm in the last 3 units. Now we shall proceed to study triploblastic animals which apart from the ectoderm and endoderm, has third germ layer known as the mesoderm. The first phylum among the triploblastic animals is the phylum playthelminthes. These animals range in size from less than a millimeter to a few metres in tapeworms. They include free-living and parasitic species. May live on land but some are fresh-water or marine, crawling in weeds and sediments. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: outline the characteristic features of platyhelminthes classify the phylum platyhelminthes draw and outline the external feature of a named platyhelminthes outline the habitat of lives fluke outline the adaptive feature of platyhelminthes. 58 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 General Characteristic Features of the Phylum Platyhelminthes They are bilaterally symmetrical Their body are dorsiventrally flattened; known as flatworms Triploblastic animals – made up of three body layer s They lack body cavity hence called Acoelomate They have complete reproductive organs Digestive system is absent in some; and when present has only the mouth but no anus Nervous system are ladder-like, with simple sense organs They have no respiratory, circulatory or skeletal system They have a proto-nephridial type of excretory system. 3.2 Classification of Platyheminthes The phylum platyhelminthes is classified into three main classes. These are. i. Turbellaria: mostly free-living and aquatic, with soft bodies and leaf like in form. They have body covered with cilias, some are terrestrial and confined to humid areas and with only one opening to the gut. Examples include planaria, etc. ii. Trematoda: They are parasitic; lacking cilia; cuticle covering leaf like body with one or more suckers. Examples include faciola hepatica (also known as liver fluke) schistosoma, also known as blood fluke, etc. iii. Cestoda: They are endoparasites (internal parasites), having no gut (digestive) system. There are parasites in the digestive tracts of various vertebrates. They are Ribbon – like in form made up of many segments (proglottids) with an anterior scolex carrying suckers and hooks to hest tissues. When mature, each prolothic has a complete set of reproductive organs of both sexes. Examples are the Tapeworms like Taenia solium, Taenia saginata etc. 3.3 Fasciola Hepatica (Sheep Liver–Fluke) Fasciola hepatica is an example of trematode parasite. It requires two hurts to complete its life-cycle – a vertebrate as the primary hurt, and an invertebrate animal as the secondary hurt. 59 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Hepatice 3.3.1 External Morphology Body is soft and Pinkish – brown in colour Elongated and dorso – ventrally flattened (leaf-lik e) Appear to be oral in shape, measuring 1.8 – 3 cm in length and 0.4 – 1.5 cm in width. Broad and rounded at the anterior end of the body; and bluntly pointed at the posterior end. The anterior sucker acts as a auctorial organ for adhesion and ingestion. Has a muscular bowel – like ventral or posterior su cker which is for adhesion only Body has a minute gonopore or genital aperture mid-ventrally which is little in fruit of the posterior sucker. Anus is absent. 3.3.2 Habitat The adult Fasciola hepatica lives in the liver and bile pardges of the primary host which is the sheep but it may occur in some other venlebrales such as goat, dog ox deer, rabbit, elephant, man etc. A 60 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II primary hurt may harbour up to 200 adults of liver fluke in its liver which unbequently may stop to function (vidyartlic etal, 2005) causing liver not disease. The immature life-stages of the fluke occur in a mollusc, Limnea truncatula, which is a secondary or intermediate hurt, or in a specific species of planorbis. The liver-fluke is world-wide in distribution in sheep and cattle raising areas the infection of this fluke is also formed in man. 3.4 Structural Adaptation The body-wall of the liver fluke is composed of only cuticle (and musculature) which covers the body as a thick and tough layer, proving protection to the fluke against chemicals of the hurt. Digestive System: it sucks bite, blood, lymph etc. as food in its alimentary canal due to suctorial pharynx. The interlinary caecal distribute them to different parts of the body. Excretory System: It has prolonephridial type of excretory system, which is composed of large number of excretory cells called flame cell. The excretory substances collected in the human of the flame cell are pushed into excretory capillaries and tubules due to vibration of cilia of the flame cells. Respiratory System: It respires by general body surface. Reproduction System: It is a hermaphrodite. The male and female reproductive organs are present in the same individual. 3.4.1 Parasitic Adaptation Since they live well protected, with their hunger well satisfied without any need for change of position, there is no need of locomotory organ Attaches themselves to the gut wall or bileducts by means of suckers and hooks or suckers alone. In the intertive of the host, they can absorb the digested food through their soft skin Sense organs are absent without any inconvenience as they live in perpetual darkness Secretes certain antizymes which counteract or neutralizes the digestive juices of the host in order to prevent being digested The intestinal parasites stimulate the intestinal will of the host to produce enormous amount of mucus which covers the thick cuticle of the parasite with a protective envelope. 61 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II The ostmotic pressure of the parasite’s body fluids is nearly the same as that of the host, if not, the resulting exchange of water would set up serious disturbances Their reproductive organs are enormously developed Eggs are provided with thick shells and remain viable for a long time They are hermaphrodite, ensuring that eggs and sperms re produced in one and the same individual Paedogenesis or multiplication by the larval form by asexual means – this improves their chance of survival SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Outline the general characteristic features of the phylum platyhelminthes. 4.0 CONCLUSION The phylum platyhelminthes is made up of flatworms such as the planarians, flukes and tapeworms. They may be free-living, aquatic animals or parasitic in human beings and other animals. 5.0 SUMMARY In this unit, you have learnt that: The platyhelminthes are triploblastic animals, that is, they posses germ layers which consist of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm Platyhelminthes are flatworms with bodies that are bilaterally symmetrical Platyhelminthes lack body cavity Platyhelminthes are classified into Turbellaris, Trematoda and cestoda Fascule hepatica also known s liver-fluke, a tremtoda belongs to the phylum Platyhelminthes The adult fascule hepatic lives in the liver and bile passages of the primary host – sheep 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. State the parasitic adaptive features of a named Platyhelminthes 2. Why are the Platyhelminthes said to be Triploblastic animals 62 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Indira Ghendi National Open University (2002). Plan Diversity of Animal Life – II (Classification) 2. Sarjini, J. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. Africana – FEP Publishers Limited. Vidyarthi, R.D., Pandey, P.N. (1978). Textbook of Zoology. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd. 63 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II UNIT 5 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES CONTENTS 10 Introduction 2. 0Objectives 3. 0Main Content 3.1Characteristic Features of Aschelminthes 3.2Classification of Aschelminthes 3.3External feature of Ascris Lumbricoides 3.4Structural Adaptation 3.4.1 Habitat and Habit 4. 0Conclusion 5. 0Summary 6. 0Tutor-Marked Assignment 7. 0References/Further Readings 10 INTRODUCTION You have learnt about the phylum platyleminthes in the last unit. In this unit, you are going to learn about the phylum Aschelminthes. Aschelminthes are popularly known as roundworm. They are a highly successful group of animal with about 12,000 species known. They are very widely distributed and occur in large numbers, both regards the species and individuals, in soil, fresh water, salt water and as parasites on plants and animals causing much damage to crops and farm animals. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: outline the characteristic features of aschelminthes classify the phylum ascheminthes draw and outline the external feature of ascaris lumbricoides outline the habits and habitats and the structural adaptive feature of the aschelminthes. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT
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3.1 Characteristic Features of Aschelminthes They are bilaterally symmetrical, but with a tendency to be radially symmetrical along the longitudinal axis. Have circular cross sectional area; no segmentation or appendages 64 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II They have complex cuticle Tissues and organs re present, and body has more than two harcell-layers Circular muscles are absent in the body wall Body cavity is pseudocoel, with body at high pressure Gut (digestive system) extending from the mouth at the anterior and to anus Muscles of the body wall are with peculiar features They have no circulatory system, flame cells or nephridia. Have no cilia or flagella These development is direct, with highly determinate type of cleavage Growth in Aschelminthes involves increase in cell-size rather than cell number 3.2 Classification of Aschelminthes The phylum Aschelminthes is divided into 5 (five) classes These are: 1. Rotifera: They are marine parasites, anterior end of body modifies into ciliary organ called corona. They may or may not share sexual dimorphision. Examples include Rotifers, Brachionus 2. Gastrotricha: are free living, unsegmented, found among algae and debris of stagnant fresh and salt water; mostly hermaphrodite or parthenogenetic female present. Example include chaetonotus 3. Echinodera: they are minute worm like marine animals, usually diecious. Example includes Echimoderes. 4. Priapulide: they are marine animals, their body is divided into probosus and trunk; are diecious. Example is priapulus. 5. Nematode: these are unsegmented roundworms with slender cylindrical body. Sexes are separate; and the males smaller than females. Examples include Oxyuris, Ascaris, Ancylostoma, Trichuris, etc. 65 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Ascaris Lumbricoides (A. Male and B. Female) 3.3 External Feature of Ascaris Lumbricoides The body of Ascaris Lumbricoides is elongated and Cylindrical; tapering at two ends. Its colour is usually whitish or yellowish with reddish tinge The external body is covered with tough, elastic and semi transparent cutile. It has a large body size; the female is 25-40cm in length and 4-6mm width, while the male is 15-30cm in length and 2-4 mm in width. In the female, the posterior of the body is straight, while in the male the posterior end of the body is recurved ventrally. In the male and female, the body show four longitudinal lines running from the anterior to the posterior end of the body A tri-radiate mouth is present at the top pf the anterior end and it is bounded by three lips. An-excretory pore is present mid-ventrally at a distance of 2mm from the anterior end of the body in the male and female. In the female, a separate genital aperture, called goriopure or valva, is present mid-ventrally at anterior one – t hird length 9th of the body 66 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Anus is present mid-ventrally at a distance of 2-3mm from the porterior end of the body. The male has a cloacal aperture, instead of anus, at the same position The portion of the body behind the anus or the cloacal apertine is called the Tail. 3.4 Structural Adaptation The outer muster layer of Ascan’s Lumbricoides is formed by a thick transparent wrinkled shining cuticle, giving the animal a false segmented appearance. The cuticle protects it from the digestive juices of the host. The presence of cuticle can be said to be a parasitic adaptation. It feeds on the contents of the alimentary canal of its host, much of which is partially or wholly digested. The nutritive fluid in the psendoloel (space between the intestine and the muscular layer of the wall) propelled by the movement of the body, help in the distribution of food, oxygen and nitrogenous waster matter. For its respiration, the animal goes into inactivity or becomes dormant when oxygen is in short supply, and when oxygen is in enormous supply, it becomes revived. A single excretory cell becomes usually large in size and assumes a form of H – shaped structure with excreto ry canals. These canals collect nitrogenous waste matter in the form of urea Zygote formal after fertilization is surrounded by a resistant shell of chitin. The uteri of single worm may contain as many as 27 million eggs at one time and each female lays about 15000 to 200,000 egg per day. The nervous system is well developed and complicated, consisting of ganglia, ring and nerves. 3.4.1 Habitat and Habit Roundworm Ascans Lumbricoides, is a parasite in the intestine of man World wide is distribution, parasitizing more than 50 percent human population in tropical countries usually more in children than adults. Usually lies in the intestinal cavity of man, surrounded by already digested food from which it obtains nutrients. It under goes holozoic mode of nutrition. Causes lethargy, weakness, dizziness, vomiting, headache, anemia and winding pain in the intestine 67 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Completes its life cycle in only one host, which is the man and reproduces sexually. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Outline the general characteristic feature of the phylum Aschelminthes. 4.0 CONCLUSION The phylum Aschelminthes are commonly known as Nematodes. They are roundworms with cylindrical bodies, and they line as parasites in plants and Animals, or are free living in soil or water. 5.0 SUMMARY In this unit, you have learnt that: Phylum Aschelminthes are also known as roundworms Aschelminthes are mostly bilaterally symmetrical Aschelminthes can be clarified into Rotifera, Gstrotricha, Echinodera, Priapulida and Nematoda. Ascans Lumbricoides is a common example of the phylum with an elongated and cylindrical body They are parasitic in the intestine of man 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. State the external characteristic features of Ascan’s lumbricoides. 2. How is Ascan’s Lumbricoides adapted to its environment? 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Indira Ghand, National Open University (2002). Diversity of Animal life – II (Classification) 2. Sarojini, J. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools Africana – FEP Publishers Limited. Vidyarthi, R.D., Pandey, P. N. (1978). A Textbook of Zoology. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd. 68 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II MODULE 3 Unit 1 Phylum Annelida Unit 2 Phylum Mollusca Unit 3 Arthropods Unit 4 Phylum Echinodermata UNIT 1 PHYLUM ANNELIDA CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Characteristic Features of the Phylum Annelida 3.2 Classification of Phylum Annelida 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION Having studied the Phylum Aschelminthes in the last unit, in this unit, we shall be looking at the first Coelomate Phylum, that is, the Phylum Annelida (Coelomate Implies animals with a cavity lined by an epithelium of cells derived from the embryonic mesoderm). Annelids have elongated body divided externally into a number of rings which represent a division of the internal parts into a series of segments. Examples include Earthworms, Neanthes, Leeches, etc. 2.0 OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you should be able to: outline the characters of the phylum annelida name the classes under the phylum annelida highlight the external features of a named annelids show diagrammatically the external morphology of a named annelid outline the adaptation of a named annelid to its environment. 69 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Characteristic Features of the Phylum Annelida They are mostly aquatic, some are terrestrial. They are generally burning animals, some are sedentary or free living, and some are ectoparasites. The body is vermiform, bilaterally symmetrical, and metamerically segmented. They have straight tube alimentary canal, and undergo extra-cellular digestion. Has segmentally arranged Locomotory organs, repeated groups of chitinous setae or chaetae. Leaches have no setae. Respiration is generally through body surface or through a special projection of parapods. Has well developed closed type blood vascular system. Possesses Nephridia which is the excretory organs. Nervous system consists of paired cerebral ganglia or brain, a double ventral nerve cord bearing segmental ganglia. Gonads develop from the coelomic epithelium. Sex may be separate or united, and development may be direct or indirect. 3.2 Classification of Phylum Annelida The Phylum Annelids is generally divided into three classes. These are: 1. Polychaeta: Mostly marine forms, distinct head with eyes and tentacles, segmental with laterial projection of the body wall known as parapodia, do not have clitellum. Sexes are separate. Have no distinct or permanent sex organs. Many forms reproduce asexually by budding. Example of 70 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 2. Oligochaeta: Lives in soil, or in fresh water, body is conspicuously segmented but no distinct head; parapodia absent; they are hermaphrodites; has more complicated reproductive system with compact ovaries and testes but fewer in number clitellum is present ; no larva, and development is direct. Example is Earthworm. 3. Hirundea has fixed body segments numbering 34; some group may have only 31 or 17 segments; Anterior and posterior sucker present, Clitellum is present, no parapodia or setae. They are hermaphrodites, has direct development; may be terrestrial fresh water or Marine. Examples are Leeches. EARTHWORM Earthworm (External Features) - Body is elongated nearly cylindrical and tapering at both the ends. - Mature Earthworm measures 150mm in length and 3-5 mm in width. - It is rich brown in colour, the dorsal surface darker than the ventral. - The metameric organization of the body is clearly indicated on the outside by the circular groves corresponding to body segments or metameres. 71 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II - The first segment where the mouth is situated is called peristonium. - The preistomium projects forward a small sensory tube at the dorsal side which is known as Prostomium. - In a mature worm there is the Clitellum lying about 20mm behind the anterior extremity, plays an important part in its reproduction. - About the middle of each segment is a ring of Chitinous structures called Setae - The first, the last and the three segments of the clitellar regions are without setae. - A single female generative or oviduct aperture is present on the 14th segment in level with the surface of the Clitellum, seen as a light coloured patch. - The paired male generative or spermiducal apertures lie on the ventral surface of the 18th segment. - The genital or copulatory papillae are in the 17th and 18th segments. STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION - The body wall forms a protective covering for all the enclosed internal parts. - The mucus in the epidermis underlying the body wall keeps the skin of the earthworm slimy and clean and does not carry any foreign germs to settle in it. - The body wall serves as the only organ of respiration because of its thin pervious and highly vascularised nature. - The skin serves as an efficient receptor organ. - Mucus act as a cement for plastering the walls of the burrow. - The setae aid in locomotion. - The earthworm feeds in decaying leaves and humus present in the soil. 72 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II - The Earthworm excretes waste products with the aid of an organ known as Nephridia. HABITS AND HABITAT Earthworms are found is nearly all parts of the world, Even in mountains up to a height of about 3,000 metres. They eat their way through the ground and form burrows which they inhabit. They form burrows by merely pushing in the body especially in soft soil their habit of swallowing soil also aids in the making of burrows especially in the compact soil. Soil containing organic matter is digested and absorbed as food and the residual soil is ejected in a form known as CASTING Earthworms exude a liquid which is antiseptic and protects the worm from any harmful bacterial that may be present in the soil or settle down on the body of the animal. Burrows of the earthworm are usually 30-60cm deep and may be partly lined with dead leaves. At the bottom of burrows, there is an enlargement where the worm can turn round and on top, the creature sometimes draws over the opening of some small pebbles for the purpose of keeping out water and enemies like centipede. 4.0 CONCLUSION The earthworm belongs to the phylum Annelida which is a widely distributed group and has many species practically in every part of the world. The earthworm possesses a number of structural features that are of considerable importance in interpreting those of higher types of animal life and is, therefore an especially valuable form of study 5.0 SUMMARY At the end of this unit, you have learnt that: The phylum Annelida is the first coelomate ( cavity-lined) phylum 73 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Annelids have elongated body divided externally into a number of rings which represents a division of the internal parts into a series of segment Annelids are mostly aquatic, some are sedentary or free living, while some are ectoparasites Annelids are generally divided into three classes: Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirundea Earthworm is a typical example of an annelid 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT Make a large labeled diagram of the external features of an earthworm Enumerate some major difference between Annelida and Nematoda 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Indira Ghand, National Open University (2002). Diversity of Animal life – II (Classification) 2. Sarojini, J. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools Africana – FEP Publishers Limited. Vidyarthi, R.D., Pandey, P. N. (1978). A Textbook of Zoology. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd. 74 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II UNIT 2 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Characteristic Features of the Phyllum Mollusca 3.2 Classification of the Phylum Mollusca 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION You have studied the Phylum Annelida in the last unit. In this unit, we shall be looking at the Phylum Mollusca. This Phylum which includes Soft bodied animals with a shell is one of the largest Phyla among the invertebrates. Examples include snails, Clams etc. Majority of Molluscs are aquatic, occupying both fresh and marine waters, while some species live on land as well. 2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end of this unit, you should be able to: list out the characteristic features of phylum mollusca list the various classes of the phylum mollusca with examples describe the external features of a named mollusca highlight the ecological adaptation of this mollusca. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Characteristic Features of the Phylum Mollusca They are bilaterally symmetrical Generally, there is a distinct head and a muscular foot; the dorsal body wall forms the mantle folds which enclose the mantle only. Uses gills and lungs for respiration, 75 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II A hard, calcareous shell secreted by mantle, protecting the body is common. They have soft unsegmented bodies consisting of head, viscera mass and foot. 3.2 Classification of the Phylum Mollusca There are three important classes of this phylum. These include: Class pelecypoda or Lamelli branchiata or Bivalea. Example includes Oysters, Clams, and Mussels etc. Class Cephalopoda. Examples include Octopus, Nautilus, Cuttefish, squids, etc. Cypraca (cowrie) patella (unpet) etc. Snails Diagram of a Mollusca (Snail) Showing its external features. Snails belong to the class gastropods which is the largest class of Mollusca. They differ from other groups in four major ways based on their external features. These features are: There is development of a distinct head Body shows dorsoventral elongation. 76 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II A spiral asymmetrical shell that serves as a protective retreat for the animal Visceral mass undergoes a 90 to 180 degree twist with respect to head and foot, a phenomenon known as torsion. Adaptation of Gastropoda to Their Environment Their foot is a flat creeping sole. Ciliated and the glad cells located in the foot secrete mucus over which the animal moves (Locomotion). In burrowing forms, the foot acts like a plough and anchor Limpets, slipper snails are adapted for clinging to rocks and shells. In a group of pelagic gastropods (sea-butter fish), the foot is modified into effective fun-like swimming organs The land snails among gastropod have their mantle highly vascularized and converted limbs a lung for purposes of gas exchange. Gastropods exhibit a variety of feeding habits. There are herbivores, carnivores, scavengers, parasites. Gastropods may be hermaphrodites or dioecious Fertilization is mostly internal Fertilized eggs may sometimes be enclosed in egg capsules SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE List out the general characteristic features of the phylum mollusca. 4.0 CONCLUSION The Phylum mollusca are an important and interesting Phylum in animal Kingdom especially on their possession of exoskeleton which is in the form of a hard shell. More study should be carrying out on this Phylum. 5.0 SUMMARY In this Unit you have studied that: - This Phylum possesses a soft unsegmented body which is distinctly differentiated into head, visceral mass and a muscular food. - There are three important classes of this phylum, namely; Bivalvea, Cephalopoda and Gastropoda. 77 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II - Snail is an example of the class Gastropoda and it distinctively undergoes a 90 to 180 degree twist, a phenomenon known as Torsion. - Their foot is a flat creeping sole adapted for locomotion. - Gastropoda exhibit a variety of feeding habits which includes herbivorous, carnivorous, Parasitic etc. - Fertilization is internal which one of their adaptations in their environment is. 6.0 TUTOR–MARKED ASSIGNMENT Outline the features or habits in the class Gastropoda that adapts them to their environment. 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Indira Ghandi National Open University (1996). Diversity of Animal life- II (classification) 2. Sarojini, T. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary School. AFRICANA-Fep Publishers Limited. Vidyarthi, R. D. Pandey, P. N. (1978). A Textbook of Zoology. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd. 78 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II UNIT 3 ARTHROPODS CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Classification of Arthropods 3.2 External Features of Insects–Cockroach 3.2.1 Insecta 3.2.2 Habitat and Habit of a Cockroach 3.3 External Features of Arachnid-Spider 3.4 Adaptive Features of the Arthropods 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION We have studied the phylum Mollusca in the last unit. In this Unit, we shall be looking at the Phylum Arthropoda. The Phylum Arthropoda is the largest group of the animal Kingdom surpassing in the number of species of all the other phyla combined. It contains over 700,000 species. The animals belonging to this Phylum occur all over the globe at altitudes of over 6,500 metres on mountains to depths of over 6,000 metres in the sea. Different species are adapted for life in the air, on land, in soil and in fresh or salt waters. Some are parasites on plants and on or in the bodies of other animals. Some are gregarious (live in groups) and several kinds of colonial insects have evolved social organizations with division of members into different castes. Many members are of very great economics importance, such as large crabs, shrimps and lobsters, which are eaten by men. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: outline the general characteristic features of the phylum arthropoda outline arthropoda into their various classes show the external features of some arthropoda outline the adaptive features of some arthropoda to their environment. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 79 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Characteristic features of Arthropoda Distinguishing Features of Phylum Arthropoda 1. The body is usually segmented and bilaterally symmetrical. 2. Segments are fused to form head, thorax and abdomen. 3. Majority of the segments bear a pair of jointed appendages each. 4. A hardened, non-living exoskeleton containing chitin in secreted by the epidermis; it is periodically moulted as long as the animal continues to grow in size. 5. There is usually a highly developed muscular system, with numerous separate muscles, composed of finely striated and quickly contracting fibers. 6. The digestive tract is complete; the mouth parts are provided with lateral jaws, the mouth parts may be adapted for chewing or for piercing and sucking liquid food. 7. The cilia and flagella are absent. 8. The circulatory system is of ‘open’ type; the heart is dorsal, distributing blood by artery to organs and tissues, from where it returns through the body spaces (haemocoels) to the heart. 9 The coelom is greatly reduced. 10. The nervous system is of the annelidan type, consisting of paired dorsal ganglia over the mouth, a ring or collar round the gullet and a ventral chain of ganglia. 11. The sexes are usually separate and the male and female are easily distinguishable. 12. Fertilization is internal and most arthropods undergo a more or less extensive meta- 3.1 Classification of Arthropods The Phylum arthropods are divided into the following classes. a. Crustacean e.g. Crabs, Prawns, Lobsters etc. b. Insecta e.g. grasshopper, cockroach, housefly etc. c. Arachnida e.g. Spiders, Scorpions, mites, ticks etc. 80 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II d. Myriapoda e.g. Centipedes, Millipede 3.2 External features of Insects –Cockroach 3.2.1 Insecta About 70% of all known species of animals are insects. Although they are mainly land animals, they are widespread and adapted to all types of environment. They are also the only invertebrates that can fly. Most insects feed on plant materials, while some feed on animal tissues and wastes. Insects include ants, beetles, aphids and grasshoppers; An insect has a well-defined head, a thorax and an abdomen. An insect carries out gaseous exchange by means of a network of open airtubes or tracheae inside its body. These tubes have openings called spiracles to the exterior. 3.2.2 Habitat and Habit of a Cockroach It is abundant in storehouses, restaurants, kitchens, bakeries, boilers and other situations where there is warmth, dampness and organic food. Cockroaches live in cracks and crevices in the walls. The Cockroaches are nocturnal insects. During day time they remain inactive in their hiding places. But they become active during the night, 81 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II run here and there in search of food. They are omnivorous and devour any vegetable or animal substance. They may eat even non-living materials such as leather, paper, cloth etc. Besides, the cockroaches are cursorial. i.e they are fast runners and rarely fly. 3.3 External Features of Arachnid-Spider An Arachnid has a body that is divided into two parts, a cephalothorax and an abdomen. The cephalothorax bears simple eyes, two pairs of appendages for feeding and four pairs of walking legs. An arachnid usually breathes by means of tracheae or book-lungs. The spider is the most familiar arachnid glands to spin webs for trapping its prey. One pair of its feeding appendages has fangs connected to a poison gland. Another arachnid, the scorpion, has a sharp poison sting on its last abdominal segment. 3.4 Adaptive Features of the Arthropods - Arthropods are one of the most successful animals. The success of the arthropods is due to some number of reasons. There reasons include: - Posses exoskeleton which protects them from predators, and in terrestrial species, prevents water loss from the body surface. - jointed limbs, capable of swift, complex movements; 82 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II - Specialization of segments and appendages for specific tasks such as sensory (antenna or feelers) and feeding (proboscis, mandibles, etc.) - Specialized digestive system; - Specialized respiratory system for different habitats, such as aquatic ones; and well-developed sensory organs, e.g. eyes (simple and compound) and antennae. - Arthropods shed their exoskeletons at intervals to allow their bodies to increase in size. This is known as moulting or ecdysis. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Outline the general characteristic features of the Phylum Arthropods. 4.0 CONCLUSION The Phylum Arthropods which means animals with jointed legs constitute 70 percentage of the known animal species. They are heterogeneous group and the largest group of animal kingdom. 5.0 SUMMARY In this unit, you have learnt that: The Arthropods constitute largest group in the animal kingdom. The arthropods can be classified into Crustaean, Insects, Myriapods and Arachnids. Cockroaches and Spiders are both arthropods belonging to the class insects and arachnids respectively. The body of insect is divided into 3 parts the Heads, Thorax and abdomen. Arthropod has jointed limbs. Arthropods posses exoskeleton which prevents them against water loss for the terrestrial arthropods and predators. 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 83 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 1. Draw a well labeled diagram of a Cockroach showing its external features. 2. What makes the Arthropods a successful group of animal? 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Sarojimi, T. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. AFRICANA – Fep Publishers Limited. Vidyarthi, R. D. Pandey, P. N. (1978). A Textbook of Zoology. New Delhi: S. Chand and Company Ltd. 84 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II UNIT 4 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Characteristic Features of Phylum Echinodermata 3.2 Classification of Echinoderms 3.3 Starfish 3.3.1 External Features 3.4 Ecological Adaptation 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION In the last unit we have learnt about the Phylum Arthropoda. In this unit, we shall be looking at the Phylum Echinodermata. This group includes star fishes, sea urchins, sea-lilies and others, all of which live in the sea. Some of the Echinoderms crawl slowly in the shallow waters along the shore or lie partially concealed in the holes of the rooks while other like sea-lilies are found attached deep down at the bottom. The Phylum includes some 6000 species. 2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end of this unit, you should be able to: state the characteristic features of the phylum echinodermata outline the external feature of a named echinoderm highlight the ecological adaptation of an echinoderm list the different classes of the phylum echinoderm. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Characteristic Features of Phylum Echinodermata i. All Echinoderms are marine animals, and the adults are mostly with Pentamerous radial symmetry (ie can be divided into 5 equal parts). Body is not metamerically segmented; ii. Could be rounded, cylindrical or star shaped without head. 85 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II iii. They have no brain, only few specialized sense organs. iv. They have a complete digestive system. v. Locomotive is mainly by tube feet, in some by means of spines or by movement of arms. vi. They have no olfactory organs. vii. Sexes are separate, fertilization is external. viii. They have indeterminate type of development. ix. Respiration is by dermal branchiae, tube feet or respiratory trees. x. They have an internal skeleton (endoskeleton) made up of plates of calcium carbonate, imbedded in the body wall. 3.2 Classification of Echinoderms The Phylum Echinodermata includes five classes. They are: a. Class Asteroidea e.g. Star Fishes b. Class Opliuroidea e.g. Brittle Stars c. Class Echinoidea e.g. Sea Urchiris d. Class Holothuroidea e.g. Sea-Cucumbers e. Class Crinoides e.g. Sea Lilies 3.3 Starfish 3.3.1 External Features 86 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Diagram of Star Fish - They are star shaped. - Arms are not sharply demarcated from central disc; - Tube feet are on oral side and with suckers - Arms and Madreporite (a hole through which water enters the body) are on the aboral side (the upper surface of the animal) - Pedicellaria are present (this are specialized jaw-like or pincer like appendages). 3.4 Ecological Adaptation - Possession of specialized jaw-like or pincer like appendages on their body surface for the protection of the animals from small animals and larvae that try to settle on the sea stars. - Possession of a well developed water vascular system which functions as a locomotor and for food gathering. - The water vascular system also serves in respiration and excretion. - Most are scavengers or carnivores feedings on snails, other echinoderms, fish, sponges, sea anemones etc. some feeds on plankton. 87 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II - Possession of Tube feet which also, principally serves as respiratory organs. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE State the external features of a named-Echinoderm. 4.0 CONCLUSION A condition which is responsible for the name of the phylum echinodermata is the possession of an endoskeleton made up of plates of calcium carbonate and these plates are equipped with spines. 5.0 SUMMARY In this Unit, you have learnt that: All Echinoderms are marine animals Echinoderms are mostly Pentamerous, radially symmetrical in nature (i. e. they can be divided into 5 –equal par ts). There are basically 5 classes of echinoderms. Echinoderms posses an endoskeleton made up of plates of Calcium Carbonate. Echinoderms have a peculiar apparatus known as a vascular system. Echinoderms posses tube feet which apart from its function in respiration, also help in locomotion and firm attachment. 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT The water vascular system is a peculiar and very important apparatus of the phylum Echinodermate. State its functions. 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Indira Ghandi National Open University (1996). Diversity of Animal Life – II (Classification) 2. Sarojini, T. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. AFRICANA – Fep Publishers Limited. Vidyathi, R.D., Pandey, P. N. (1978). A Ttextbook of Zoology. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd. 88 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II MODULE 4 Unit 1 Vertebrates/Vertebrata (Fishes) Unit 2 Amphibia Unit 3 Reptiles Unit 4 Aves (Birds) Unit 5 Mammalia UNIT 1 VERTEBRATES/VERTEBRATA (FISHES) CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Vertebrata 3.2 Pisces (Fishes) 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION In the last four units of the third module, we have been studying Invertebrates. In the next 4-5 units we shall be looking at the vertebrates. However, in this unit we shall be looking at the general features of vertebrate and the class of vertebrates known as Pisces (Fishes). 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: outline the general characteristics or features of vertebrates classify the phylum vertebrata give the general characteristics of the fishes draw a well labeled diagram of a bony fish outline the adaptive features of fishes. 89 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Vertebrata The Vertebrata is a subphylum of the Phylum Chordata. The Chordates have a notochord, a flexible rod of tightly packed cells, a tubular nerve cord (dorsal) and gill slits at some stage in their life histories. Note: a backbone or vertebral column replaces the notochord in vertebrates. Characteristics A bilaterally symmetrical body, divided into a head, a trunk and a tail. In Most vertebrates, a neck joins the head to the trunk. An internal skeleton or endoskeleton of bone and cartilage, with a backbone or vertebral column made up of a series of small bones called vertebrae. A well-developed central nervous system with a brain (within a brain case) and a spinal chord (dorsal position). Well-developed sense organs. A ‘closed’ blood system made up of a muscular heart (ventral position). Two pairs of limbs (tetrapods.) Kidneys for eliminating body wastes.
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Skin may be naked or have a covering of scales, feathers or hairs. Vertebrates are divided into five classes: - Pisces - Amphibia - Reptilia - Aves, and - Mammalia. 90 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.2 Pisces (Fishes) These are the fishes which are all aquatic. The jawless fishes like the hagfish and lamprey are the most primitive. They have sucker-like mouths and no paired fins. The cartilaginous fishes like sharks, skates and rays have jaws and paired fins, but their skeletons are made of cartilage like the jawless fishes. The bony fishes like the Tilapia and carp are the largest and most successful group features It is a cold-blooded (poikilothermic) animal, i.e its body temperature varies with that of its surroundings. Its body is covered with scales (absent in jawless fishes) and a layer of slime. A cartilaginous fish has sharp, tooth-like scales that do not overlap, while a bony fish has thin, flat rounded scales that overlap. It has fins. The paired fins are adaptations of the fore-and hind limbs. It carries out gaseous exchange by gills. A bony fish has gill covers while a cartilaginous fish does not. It has a well-developed sense of smell, and a lateral line system which enables it to detect movements and changes in water pressure. It only has inner ears. A bony fish possesses a swim bladder, a gas-filled sac which allows it to regulate its density so that it can remain still at any depth in the water. It has a two-chambered heart. Fertilization is usually external. The eggs are tiny and may develop directly into a young fish or pass through a larval stage. 91 BIO 102 II INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY 1. External Features of a bony fish 2. Males and females look different in most vertebrates 92 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Adaptive Features of Fishes Living organisms are found in many types of ecosystems. The environment in this ecosystem varies considerably. Generally, organisms show features that enable them to go live successfully and reproduce in a particular environment. These features may be structural, functional or behavioral. Such features are known as adaptations. Adaptations to a particular environment are evolved over a long period of time. Nature of Medium Water is a denser medium than air. It is difficult to move rapidly through it. As a result active aquatic animals like fish have streamlined bodies. Water, however, helps to support the body mass of large aquatic animals. Osmoregulation and Water Loss Most marine organisms have body fluids that are nearly the same concentration as the sea water in which they live. So the rate at which water enters and leaves the body cells is the same. However, the body fluids of freshwater organisms are at a much higher concentration than the surrounding water. So much water enters the body cells than leaves them. Successful freshwater organisms have osmoregulatory structures that get rid of the excess water that enters the body cells. Bony fishes are the most successful aquatic organisms. The Body fluid of the marine bony fish is less concentrated than its surrounding water, while the body fluid of the freshwater bony fish is more concentrated. Fig- shows Osmoregulatory Adaptation of freshwater and marine bony fishes. 93 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Figure shows how each has adapted successfully to its environment. The adaptations are mainly functional. Thus, to conserve water, terrestrial organisms had to adapt both structurally and functional. NOTE: In aquatic organisms where there is no need to conserve water, gaseous exchange occurs through the whole body surface or through special structures called gills. Movement Aquatic organisms that move actively use appendages like fins which are modified for swimming. Adaptations of the Fish The fish show the following structural adaptations to life in water. Have a streamlined body shape without a neck that enables them to move easily through water. The tail and tail fin of a fish are special adaptive structures for swimming. 94 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Gills are gaseous exchange organs that are adapted for an aquatic environment. They are found in the fish. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Why are Vertebrates different from invertebrates? 4.0 CONCLUSION Fishes are the first vertebrate organisms and they especially the bony fishes are the most successful aquatic organisms. 5.0 SUMMARY In this unit, you have learnt that: Vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical, have well developed nervous systems and sense organs. Vertebrates are generally grouped into five classes. Pisces or fishes are cold-blooded organism with the possession of fins, scales, swim bladders, etc. Fishes has a stream-line body, fins and lateral lines which aided their adaptation to the aquatic environment. 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. Draw an annotated diagram of a bony fish. 2. What characteristic of the Pisces aids their ecological adaptation? 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Sarojini, T. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. AFRICANA – Fep Publishers Limited. Vidyarthi, R. D; Pandey, P.N (1978). A Textbook of Zoology. New Delhi: S Chand Company Ltd. 95 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II UNIT 2 AMPHIBIA CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Characteristics Features of Amphibians 3.2 Difference between Frog and Toad 3.2.1 Outline of Adaptive Feature 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION In the last unit, we learnt about the general characteristics and their classification. Also, the external features of a bony fish and how they adapt to their environment were also studied. In this unit, we shall be looking at the Amphibians. The Amphibians made the first transition from the aquatic to the terrestrial mode of life; they were the first to venture out of the water and live on land. Examples of amphibians include the frogs, toads, Newts and Salamanders. Most of them live in moist environments and return to water to breed. 2.0 OBJECTIVES External features of the frog At the end of this unit you should be able to: give the characteristic features of amphibians outline the external features of a named amphibian list the adaptive features of an amphibian draw a well labeled diagram of a toad differentiate between toads and frogs. 96 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Characteristics Features of Amphibians An amphibian has these features i. It is cold-blooded. ii. It has paired fore-and hind limbs in the adult stage. iii. It has a naked, moist skin. iv. It has a sticky tongue which can be protruded and retracted quickly. v. It has inner and middle ears. vi. It carries out gaseous exchange by gills, lungs, skin or mouth lining, separately or in combination. Gills are present at some stage in its life cycle. vii. It has a three-chambered heart. viii. Fertilization is external. The eggs are small. ix. An aquatic larval stage is usually present. Extracted from Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools (1993) by Sarojini, T. R. 97 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Draw the external features of a toad and frog. 98 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II External Features of a Toad and Frog Toads are clumsily built creatures, usually 10cm long but at times growing to larger size. They have brown, wrinkled and warty skin with darker spots and markings on the upper surface and white undersurface. There are swellings like rough warts over the eyes. The legs are shorter than the frogs; the hind legs being a little longer than the body. They do not posses teeth. The tongue, which is attached in front of the mouth but is free behind, is only slightly cleft at the tip but still it is an insect-catching apparatus of great perfection. The male toad is smaller than the female. Toads are terrestrial and nocturnal in habit. During day time they generally lie concealed under stones or in other damp and shady localities and come out only towards evening. 3.2 Difference between Frog and Toad S/N FROG TOAD 1. It is mainly aquatic It lives on land among stones in damp places. 2. It is diurnal in habit, that is, it It is mainly nocturnal. comes out mainly during the day time. 3. It does not possess good sense As it has a good sense it can of locality. keep within a certain locality for a long time. 4. It shows quick and nervous It shows sluggish creeping movement. movements, which seem to be carried on with greater sense of security. 5. The skin is smooth and The skin is always rough, nearly slippery. dry, wrinkled and warty. Skin is abundantly supplied 6. Skin is provided with relatively with poison glands and few poison glands. irregularities of the skin are mainly caused by the large number of poison glands contained in them. Extracted from A textbook of Zoology (1978) by Vivyarthi, R.D. etal. Ecological Adaptation of Amphibians 99 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II The amphibians are as class, typically furnished with five fingered limbs which are adapted for locomotion both on land as well as in water. They are cold –blooded or poikilothermic animals of jumping and swimming habits. Their skin is smooth, clammy and naked, that is without scales. There is remarkable difference between the young and the adults; the limbless but tailed young forms or tadpoles, as they are called, live in water and breathe by gills while almost in every case the adults breathe by lungs and can live both on land as well as in water and hence the name amphibian. The skin is usually soft and moist in order to carry on the important functions of skin or cutaneous respiration and this is the reason why the presence of moisture is essential for the well being of all amphibians. The tailless amphibians, such as frogs and toads, numbering some thousand species, have a world wide distribution. They are most abundantly found in tropical countries. Bu it is remarkable that notwithstanding their natural inclination to live in and around water no amphibian has been discovered to live in salt and marine waters. 3.2.1 Outline of Adaptive Features Skin secretes substances that scare away enemies (other animals) e.g. Snakes from attack. The tongue is an insect-catching apparatus which aids feeding. Have five (5) fingered limbs for locomotion. Has webbed feet for swimming Has powerful hind –legs for jumping/leaping. Soft, moist skin for skin or cutaneous respiration. The young ones, Tadpoles lives in water and breathe by gills. The tadpoles have a streamline body. The tadpole has a fin-like tail that aids swimming Adults breathe by lungs hence can live in land and water. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Highlight the differences and similarities between a toad and a frog. 4.0CONCLUSION 100 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Frogs and Toads are the largest group of amphibians. The young ones (tadpoles) live in water, and breathe by gills while the adults, almost in every case, breathe by lungs and can live both in land and water and hence, the name Amphibians. 5.0SUMMARY In this Unit, you have learnt that: The amphibians made the first transition from the aquatic (water) To the terrestrial (land) mode of life. Amphibians are cold-blooded animals. While frogs are mainly aquatic, toads’ lives mostly on land among stones in damp places are nocturnal animals. Amphibians have five fingered limbs, with webbed feet used for swimming. The young amphibians are known as tadpoles and they live in water, breathing by the aid of gills. The adult amphibians have lungs for breathing. Amphibians have stout bodies with powerful hind legs for leaping /jumping. 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. Give a diagram of a toad showing its external features. 2. The amphibian, toad is known to be both aquatic and terrestrial. 3. What features enable it to live in water? 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Sarojini, T. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. AFRICANA- Fep Publshers Limited. Vidyarthi, R. D. Pandey, P. N. (1978). A Textbook of Zoology. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd. 10 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II UNIT 3 REPTILES CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1Characteristic Features of Reptiles 3.1.1 Lizard 3.2 Ecological Adaptation 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION In the last unit, we learnt, about the amphibians, and their ability to live in water and on land. In this unit, we shall be looking at the class Reptiles. Reptiles are the first group of vertebrates to have become completely adapted to life on land. There are four main groups of reptiles namely: Lizards, snakes, crocodiles and turtles. Lizards and their close relatives, the snakes, are the dominant reptiles today. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: give the characteristic feature of reptiles draw a well labeled diagram of a named reptile showing the external features online the adaptive features of a Reptile. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Characteristic Features of Reptiles The name Reptile (L. repere – to crawl), by which t hese animals are collectively known, indicate one of the main characteristics of the typical members of this group, their crawling method of locomotion. They are the lowest vertebrates which are truly terrestrial and as a class they are neither well adapted for walking nor for running. Their body is covered with scales which are, however, very different from those of 102 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II fishes: they are developed only from the outer layers of the skin, having connection with blood vessels and nerves. The whole skin is characterized by being dry and devoid of glands. They are poikilothermic and most of them have imperfectly four-chambered heart. The reptiles have become independent of water due to the development of embryonic membranes. The embryo always lies in a fluid-filled sac known as amnion. The allantois arises as an outgrowth from the hinder part of the gut and serves as a receptacle for the storage of embryonic urine. Part of the allantois becomes closely applied to the shell for respiration. Gills are absent and the lungs form the respiratory organs. Extract from a text book of Zoology (1978) by Vidyarthi, R. D. Etal 3.1.1 Lizard Lizard is a typical example of reptilian. They are typically dry-land animals, loving the sun and its heat. They are very common reptiles most of them are four-legged animals and are capable of very active movement. They are usually rather small and slender creatures. The common garden lizard has a very long tail. External features of the Agama Lizard 3.2 Ecological Adaptation 10 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Different types of Lizards The ordinary wall lizards or Geckos are equipped with vacuum –cupped toes which enable them to chase insects along vertical walls and ceilings of rooms. A very interesting protective feature, possessed by some of these lizards, is the power to break off their tail automatically. They have a peculiar kind of joint between two of their caudal vertebrae, which enables them in an emergency to break off the tail. The part of the tail thus sacrificed continues for some time to move about, thus tending to divert the attention of the pursuing enemy and thereby giving a chance to the lizard to escape. It can grow a new tail in due course of time. This power of automatically breaking off certain parts of the body is called autonomy. Other adaptive features as follows: i. They are cold blooded animals. ii. Has a well developed tongue which can be protruted and retracted iii. Quickly. iv. Its jaws have teeth of the same kind embedded in sockets. v. It usually has paired fore and hind limbs each with five toes ending in claws. 104 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II vi. It has inner and middle ears. vii. It has a skin that is covered with scales. viii. It carries out gaseous exchange through its lungs. ix. Fertilization is internal. The females lay large fertilized eggs in land. Even aquatic reptiles return to the land to lay eggs. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Outline the adaptive features of reptiles. 4.0 CONCLUSION Reptiles are the lowest vertebrates which are truly terrestrial i.e. They live on land. 5.0 SUMMARY In this unit, you have learnt, that: Reptiles are the first group of vertebrates to have become completely adapted to life on land. 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. Make an annotated diagram of a named reptile. 2. How do Reptiles differ from Amphibians? 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Sarojini, T. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. AFRICANA- Fep Publshers Limited. Vidyarthi, R. D. Pandey, P. N. (1978). A Textbook of Zoology. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd. 10 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II UNIT 4 AVES (BIRDS) CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 External Features of Birds 3.2 Adaptive features of Birds to Their Environment 3.2.1 Outline of Adaptive Features of Flight 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION In the last unit, we learnt about Reptilia, including their characteristic features, external features, adaptive features, among others. In this unit, we shall be looking at the class Aves. The aves or bird are warm-blooded vertebrates specially adapted for flight. Their body is covered with soft feathers which are epidermal outgrowths like the scales of reptiles and their hairs of mammals. Scales are also present on the lower part of the legs and on the feet. They have a four-chambered heart. The fore limbs are modified to form wing axes (in flying birds) or reduced in non- flying birds. The hind limbs have clawed digits which are variously modified for walking, perching, hopping, running or swimming. The head is usually small and rounded, the neck is well marked and the whole body is oval and streamlined. Tail is short and the caudal vertebrae are fused to form a pygostyle. The jaw bones are modified in relation to the back and are devoid of teeth. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: give the characteristic features of birds outline the external features of birds draw a well labeled diagram of a bird outline the adaptive features of birds to their environment. 106 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 External Features of Birds The body of the birds is steamlined or spindle-shaped well adapted for aerial life. The neck is usually long and flexible. The head is rounded and the facial portion is produced into beak. Close to the base of the beak are two slit-like nostrils. The eyes of the bird are of considerable size for the sense of smell seems to be feebly developed but the power-vision is correspondingly advanced, especially in some birds of prey. 10 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II Each eye is provided with three eyelids: the upper and lower eyelids are like fold of skin while the third eyelid, the nictitating membrane, is a delicate transparent membrane which can be drawn across the eye. Usually the lower lid is movable. On each side of the head there is a small aperture with a short passage leading to the ear-drum. It lies behind and below the eyes and is usually hidden by the features. Unlike mammals, the external ears are absent. From a textbook of Zoology (1978) Vidyarthi, R. D. Ethy 3.2 Adaptive Features of Birds to Their Environment The fore limbs form the wings which are organs of flight while the hind limbs are adapted for bearing the entire weight of the body when walking. For this purpose the hind limbs are usually attached some what for forward and the skeleton is also modified to this end. The legs are covered with scales. The cloaca lies on the ventral surface at the root of the tail and on the dorsal surface of the same region is an oil-gland. Its oily secretion is used for preening feathers. The feet, break and the tongue present very large number of variations of form which are closely associated with the habits of the birds. The typical number of the toes is four, of which, three are directed forwards and one backwards. In perching birds the toes are adapted for grasping and automatically clutching the support. Three toes are directed forwards and one backwards. The same arrangement of the toes is also found in birds of prey which use their feet for seizing. The claws form great talons as in the eagles, hawks, kites, falcons, etc. The legs of the wading birds are usually very long and partly or completely unfeathered up to the tibial region. They have very long toes. Swimming birds like ducks have webbed feet which serve as paddles. From a textbook of Zoology (1978) by Vidyarthi R. D. etal. 108 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.2.1 Outline of Adaptive Features of Flight 1. The wings act as propeller. 2. The streamlined body is well adapted for movement through the air. 3. There is considerable shifting of the weight of the body from the periphery to the centre due to the loss of teeth; moreover as the wings are placed high up on the trunk the body is prevented from turning over. 4. The skull is very light and most of the bones are welded together. 5. Feathers which clothe a bird, hold a blanket of enveloping air next to the body; since this air is warmed by the body and is consequently lighter than the surrounding air, it adds somewhat to the buoyancy of the bird. 6. The rectum where the faeces is carried is very much reduced in length. Since flying birds would be greatly handicapped by the presence of too much of faecal matter there. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Outline the general characteristics features of birds. 4.0 CONCLUSION The aves or birds are warm blooded vertebrates specially adapted for flight. 5.0 SUMMARY In this unit, you have learnt that: The body of birds is covered with soft feathers. The fore limbs are modified to form wings. The body of the birds is streamlined or spindle shaped. The hind-limbs of birds are adapted for bearing the entire weight of the body when walking. Swimming birds like ducks have webbed feet which serve as paddles. 10 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. Diagrammatically show the external features of birds. 2. Outline the adaptive features of birds to their environment. 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Sarojimi, J. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. AFRICANA – Fep Publishers Limited. Vidyarthi, R. D. Pandey, P. N. (1978). A Text Book of Zoology. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd. . 110 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II UNIT 5 MAMMALIA CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Characteristic Features of a mammal 3.2 External Feature of a Rabbit 3.3 Adaptation to Their Ecological Environment 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION In the last unit, we studied the class Aves; their external features and how they are specially adapted to flight. In this Unit, you shall be looking at the Mammals. The class mammalia is made up of the most advanced animals which include Man, Rabbit etc. Mammals, of which there are three to four thousand species, have attained the most complete structural, developmental and physiological adaptations to the terrestrial mode of life. They are characterized by their great activity, high metabolism, intelligence and by the display of their parental care – a feature in which they are o nly rivaled by birds. Various mammals live in all sorts of habitat from Polar Regions to tropics and from the sea to the densest forests and driest deserts. Many are of the retiring habits or nocturnal so that they are seldom seen. They are a dominant group and play leading role in the present day world. Mammals generally are of great aesthetic interest, some wild species are hunted as game and others for their fur. Some rodents and flesh eaters damage man’s crop and livestock and certain species are reservoirs of disease-germs. The domestic mammals provide man with food clothing and means of transport. As a matter of fact the mammals represent the top of the evolution of the living animals and this claim rests almost exclusively on the superiority of their nervous system. 11 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: give the main distinguishing characteristics of mammals outline the external features of a named mammal list the adaptive features of a named mammal draw a well labeled diagram of a rabbit showing the external features. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Characteristic Features of a Mammal The main Characteristics of a mammal are as follows: It is warm-blooded. Its skin has sweat and sebaceous glands and a covering of hairs. It has different types of teeth, with each type carrying out a specific function. It has external ears called pinnae. Its body cavity is separated into two by a muscular sheet called a diaphragm. The upper thoracic cavity contains the lungs and the heart while the lower abdominal cavity contains the alimentary canal, the Kidneys and the reproductive organs. It has a well-developed heart. It has a well-developed brain. Fertilization is internal. In most mammals, the tiny fertilized egg develops inside the body of the female parent for a period. During this time, the young is attached to the mother by a placenta, an organ through which it obtains nourishment from the mother. The young is born alive (Vivipary) and feeds on the milk secreted by the mother’s mammary glands. It is looked after by the parents until it learns to be independent. 112 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.2 External Feature of a Rabbit Rabbit, a typical example of the class mammalian, is taken as a convenient type of mammals for a detailed study. The head of the rabbit is large and spherical behind but is pomtal anteriorly to form the snout. At sides of the snout are long stiff sensory hairs called whiskers or vibrissae. Has a pair of large and protuberant immobile eyes. Have two long erect external ears or pinnae situated at the spherical top of the head. The head is followed by a very short neck which passes abruptly behind to the trunk. The truck consists of a narrow chest or thorax. Has short and rigid fore limbs divided into upper arm, fore arm wrist and hand The hind limbs are much longer, divided into thigh, shank, ankle, and foot. An anus and urinogenital aperture are present at the posterior end of the trunk. Has a short bush tail at the posterior end of the trunk. 11 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 3.3 Adaptation to Their Ecological Environment The wild rabbit has no end of enemies from man to rats, foxes, jackals, badgers, cat, hawks, owls, etc. In fact, it has the maximum number of enemies and yet it is able to live and thrive. Its survival against so many odds is not because of its wits, for it is not a clever creature, and it is also not because of weapons, for it is not armed and its teeth are not suitable for biting. The real reason for its being able to hold out its own is to be found in its general habits such as: a. great fertility b. burrowing habits c. crepuscular nature, and d. the care of the young ones and their early education by the mother. The adaptation of rabbits which enable them to live and thrive, inspite of their numerous enemies, may be summed up as follows: a. Wide field of vision.(large and protuberant immobile eye). b. Acute sense of smell and hearing. c. Protective colouration. (hair or fur) d. Their alertness in recognizing enemies and their swiftness and sureness in running. e. Possession of thirteen pairs of ribs which enable them to breath better during a run for life. f. Their burrowing habits and crepuscular nature. g. Their wide range of appetite. h. Their ability to live in different climates. i. Their extreme fertility and attachment of the mother to its young ones. SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE What are the general characteristics of the class mammalian? 114 BIO 102 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BIOLOGY II 4.0 CONCLUSION As a matter of fact, the mammals represent the top of the evolution of the living animals. They are characterized by their great activity, high metabolism, intelligence and a display of their parental care. 5.0 SUMMARY In this unit, you have learnt that: Mammals have attained the most complete structural, developmental and physiological adaptation to the terrestrial mode of life. Mammals are warm blood animals. The skin of mammals has sweat and sebaceous glands and a covering of hairs. Rabbit is a typical example of mammals. 6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. Show clearly the external features of a named Mammal. 2. What characteristic(s) of the Rabbit facilitates its survival in its environment? 7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS Sarojini, T. R. (1993). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. AFRICANA – Fep Publishers Limited. Vidyarthi, R. D. Pandey, P. N. (1978). A Text Book of Zoology. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd. 11
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